The key problem with its impact is that it is not timely

Mark Magnier’s article about the â€Å"crisis of trust† in China could have a more powerful impact.The key problem with its impact is that it is not timely – we have been dealing with fake, harmful Chinese products here in America for years, and we naturally expect that without the consumer protection laws that about here at home, consumers in China would be subject to even more terrible scams.  This should be viewed as an atrocity of the free market, one which America tamed long ago through consumer movements after we had learned our lesson during the unrestrained capitalism of the early 20th century.But the article lacks passion.   Although it is journalistically correct to end sentences in periods, this doesn’t mean that they shouldn’t have the impact of exclamation points.   Take, for example, the following sentence: â€Å"[l]and that farmers have tilled for generations can be seized on a moment’s notice in a system that doesn†™t recognize private property.†It bumbles awkwardly through a critical point and is stymied by a few too many prepositional phrases.   It leaves the reader unenraged about the fact that what our Founders considered a pillar of society – Property, next in line only to Life and Liberty – is totally absent from the world’s most populous country.The author of the article is unable to bring the points home.   The baby formula example could easily be reinforced by the image of a sickly Gerber baby, or the reminder that it is a product we have taken for granted for decades.   In an article like this one, connecting prominent American brands to the scandals taking place abroad – placing the reader in the shoes of the foreigner – would have left a much more lasting impression than the distant, dispassionate analysis offered here.And let’s not start on the hackneyed, irrelevant clichà © that the author leads with.

Fort Myers

Has Dana done a good job researching his options? While Dana did not consider the site potential of other property types, he did a good job researching his options for eldercare facilities. His analysis included regional analysis (comparing other cities and counties to Fort Myers), population trends, Fort Myers healthcare statistics, industry and competitor analysis (by viewing a consultant report), financing alternatives and financial analysis.Together, the information provided a thorough overview of his options within eldercare. 2. How do congregate care and assisted living facilities differ? They differ in client profiles, ownership, elder decision to join, services, physical environment, pricing and financing needs. Client Profile: Congregate care facilities typically targeted younger elders (average age 78) that were independent and more upscale. Assisted living facilities typically targeted older populations (average age 83) that were frail and needed assistance with two to fou r activities of daily living.Ownership: Congregate care facilities have high entrance fees, which are sometimes refundable upon move-out or death, and are similar to buying a unit in a condominium. Owners also pay monthly fees that cover certain supportive services. Elder Decision: While the decision to move to a congregate care facility is often a life-style choice, moving to assisted living facilities is often more often a â€Å"need driven† option for elders. Services: Congregate care facilities typically have fewer services such as 24-hour supervision, one meal/day and concierge services.Assisted living facilities typically have more services, such as more meals, housekeeping, laundry and personal care services. Physical Environment: Congregate care facilities are typically more like large residential condominiums, offering full size apartments with kitchens. Assisted living facilities are smaller residents with modifications, typically a smaller apartment with a kitchene tte. Furthermore, congregate care units have a much higher level of finish in the units and in the common areas.Pricing: While congregate care facilities are cheaper because they offered fewer services (price range $1,500 to $2,500/month), assisted living facilities are more expensive ($2,400 to $4,000/month). Financing Needs: Since it would take close to a year to build after getting through the permitting and perhaps another year to sell out, congregate care facilities required short-term conventional construction financing. However, assisted living projects required longer term financing since they were more like rental properties than condominiums for sale. 3.What are the advantages and disadvantages of each of Dana’s options: selling the land, congregate housing or assisted living? Land: If Dana were to sell the land, he would have to find another living arrangement for his parents and he would miss out on a lucrative business opportunity. However, the advantage would be cashing out relatively quickly with $850,000 after all commissions. Congregate Housing: (Delays) If Dana pursued the congregate housing option, it would take longer to get any returns since he would need an additional year to sell the units. Costly) Furthermore, the hard costs for congregate care facilities typically ran 20% more per square foot than those of assisted living facilities because of the more expensive materials, higher level of finish, more casework, larger kitchens and bathrooms and better appliances, plumbing and vanities and more elaborate common areas. (Feasibility) Additionally, it would be difficult to sell the units at the estimated prices and within the projected time frame since Fort Myers did not seem to have a strong upscale market.Hence, it was not clear that the Fort Myers market could support the required prices for congregate housing units. As a result, Dana would have high unit costs with congregate housing and a limited market. However, the advantage to a congregate housing option would be building fewer units (50 versus 80) and services, and more returns in a shorter timeframe after selling the units. Assisted Living Facility: While a longer term investment with rental income and no sales in the short-term, the assisted living option provided a profitable opportunity given Fort Myers demographics.It would be cheaper and most likely faster to build compared to congregate housing and had a large market in Fort Myers. While it is probably not feasible to capture the full potential gross income from a congregate care facility given the higher price and time to sell, tables 1 and 2 below attempt to compare the PGI in the first year of rent/sale from a congregate care and assisted living facility. If all units were sold within the first year (which is highly unlikely), a congregate care facility would provide more cash upfront with a smaller amount of monthly income moving forward.However, the assisted living facility has a higher an nual PGI after the first year. Ideally, assuming a market was available for congregate care, it would take roughly 20 years for the income from assisted living to reach the income received from congregate care. Table 1: Annual PGI – Congregate Care Facility Table 2: Annual PGI – Assisted Living Facility 4. Given the assisted living option, what does the development budget look like? What is the operating income statement using conventional and tax-exempt debt? What are the initial returns on cost and equity for each option?Assuming that the budget for conventional and tax-exempt debt is the same, the development budget would be roughly $8. 85 million for the assisted living option. Table 3 below provides more details on the development budget. Table 3: Assuming the potential gross income outlined in Tables 4 and 5 and the financing costs outlined in Table 6, the operating income statement using conventional and tax-exempt debt is summarized in Table 7. Table 4: Annual Rent PGI – Conventional Financing Table 5: Annual Rent PGI – Tax Free Financing Table 6: Financing Alternatives Table 7: Income StatementThe initial returns on cost for the conventional debt option is 11. 22% while the initial returns on cost for the tax free debt option is 10. 25%. The initial returns on equity for the conventional debt option is 17. 86% while the initial returns on equity for the tax free debt option is 43. 99%. Table 8 below provides more details on the initial returns. Table 8: 5. Which option should you choose and why? If you choose an equity partner, who would you choose and why? I would choose the tax free dept option because it would require a smaller equity commitment, hence providing a larger return on equity.If I were to choose an equity partner, a friend or family member with experience in the assisted living option would be ideal since they would bring industry experience to help operate and manage the facility, and I would trust that the partnership would be a long term investment on both ends. Together, we would have industry experience in development and assisted living, and already have a collegial relationship. 6. Should Dana place his parents in his project? If you have had experiences in this area with your own parents or grandparents, you may include these experiences in your discussion.How do other societies handle the issues of the elderly? Since Dana could be surer of the quality of service offered, he should place his parents in the project. This would help to fill the typical five percent vacancy rate and he would avoid paying fees for their care elsewhere. Many other societies provide home care for their elderly since they have more of a collective approach to family responsibility and often have care takers in the home. This is especially true in developing countries, such as Liberia and Nigeria, where I am from originally.

Typology of Phraseological Units in English

Typology of phraseological units in English Difference in terminology (â€Å"set-phrases†, â€Å"idioms† and â€Å"word-equivalents† [1]) reflects certain differences in the main criteria used to distinguish types of phraseological units and free word-groups. The term â€Å"set phrase† implies that the basic criterion of differentiation is stability of the lexical components and grammatical structure of word-groups. There is a certain divergence of opinion as to the essential features of phraseological units as distinguished from other word-groups and the nature of phrases that can be properly termed â€Å"phraseological units†.The habitual terms â€Å"set-phrases†, â€Å"idioms†, â€Å"word-equivalents† are sometimes treated differently by different linguists. However these terms reflect to certain extend the main debatable points of phraseology which centre in the divergent views concerning the nature and essential features of phraseological units as distinguished from the so-called free word-groups [2, p. 100]. The term â€Å"set expression† implies that the basic criterion of differentiation is stability of the lexical components and grammatical structure of word-groups.The term â€Å"word-equivalent† stresses not only semantic but also functional inseparability of certain word-groups, their aptness to function in speech as single words. The term â€Å"idioms† generally implies that the essential feature of the linguistic units under consideration is idiomaticity or lack of motivation. Uriel Weinreich expresses his view that an idiom is a complex phrase, the meaning of which cannot be derived from the meanings of its elements. He developed a more truthful supposition, claiming that an idiom is a subset of a phraseological unit.Ray Jackendoff and Charles Fillmore offered a fairly broad definition of the idiom, which, in Fillmore’s words, reads as follows: â€Å"†¦an idi omatic expression or construction is something a language user could fail to know while knowing everything else in the language†. Chafe also lists four features of idioms that make them anomalies in the traditional language unit paradigm: non-compositionality, transformational defectiveness, ungrammaticality and frequency asymmetry [6, p. 1-3].The term â€Å"idiom†, both in this country and abroad, is mostly applied to phraseological units with completely transferred meanings, that is, to the ones in which the meaning of the whole unit does not correspond to the current meanings of the components. According to the type of meaning phraseological units may be classified into: †¢Idioms; †¢Semi-idioms; †¢Phraseomatic units (after Ryzhkova). Idioms are phraseological units with a transferred meaning. They can be completely or partially transferred (red tape [3, p. 740]). Semi-idioms are phraseological units with two phraseosemantic meanings: terminological and transferred (chain reaction [3, p. 10], to lay down the arms [3, p. 33]). Phraseomatic units are not transferred at all. Their meanings are literal. Other types of phraseological units are also distinguished: †¢Phrases with a unique combination of components (born companion [3, p. 138]); †¢Phrases with a descriptive meaning; †¢Phrases with phraseomatic and bound meaning (to pay attention to [3, p. 40]); †¢Set expressions (cliches) (the beginning of the end [3, p. 59]); †¢Preposition-noun phrases (for good [3, p. 311], at least [3, p. 414]); †¢Terminological expressions (general ticket [3, p. 755], civil war [3, p. 121]) (after Ryzhkova).Semantic complexity is one of the most essential qualities of phraseological units. It’s resulted from the complicated interaction of the component meanings (meaning of prototype, of semantic structure etc. ). All these components are organized into a multilevel structure [4]. Idioms contain all information in co mpressed form. This quality is typical of idioms, it makes them very capacious units (idiom is a compressed text). An idiom can provide such a bright explanation of an object that can be better than a sentence. We can compare idioms with fables (the Prodigal son [3, p. 571]).Idioms based on cultural components are not motivated (the good Samaritan [5], Lot’s wife [5], the Troy horse [5]). Phraseological meaning contains background information. It covers only the most essential features of the object it nominates. It corresponds to the basic concept, to semantic nucleus of the unit. It is the invariant of information conveyed by semantically complicated word combinations and which is not derived from the lexical meanings of the conjoined lexical components [4]. According to the class the word-combination belongs to, we single out: †¢idiomatic meaning; idiophraseomatic meaning; †¢phraseomatic meaning (after Ryzhkova). The information conveyed by phraseological units i s thoroughly organized and is very complicated. It is characterized by: 1) multilevel structure; 2) structure of a field (nucleus + periphery); 3) block-schema (after Ryzhkova). It contains 3 macro-components which correspond to a certain type of information they convey: †¢the grammatical block; †¢the phraseological meaning proper; †¢motivational macro-component (phraseological imagery; the inner form of the phraseological unit; motivation) (after Ryzhkova).Phraseological unit is a non-motivated word-group that cannot be freely made up in speech but is reproduced as a ready made unit. Reproducibility is regular use of phraseological units in speech as single unchangeable collocations. Idiomaticity is the quality of phraseological unit, when the meaning of the whole is not deducible from the sum of the meanings of the parts. Stability of a phraseological unit implies that it exists as a ready-made linguistic unit which does not allow of any variability of its lexical c omponents of grammatical structure.

A report for Real Coffee LTD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

A report for Real Coffee LTD - Essay Example Under such circumstances entrepreneurs face non-negligible challenges in controlling and executing the business functions in a smooth fashion, given the obstacles in the form of staff management, delegation of power and business opportunities identification as well as their subsequent achievements (Welter, 2010). Correspondingly, it has been viewed that Real Coffee Ltd., which is a small chain of coffee shops has been facing challenges to maintain a desired level of employee retention rate. The main objective of this paper is therefore, to provide a detailed analysis of the external and internal analysis of the business. Based on the analysis, the discussion further intends to provide rational suggestions that would help in understanding on how curtained changes in the business can help Real Coffee Ltd. to meet its organizational goal. Part 1: External Analysis Consumer Buying Behaviour UK is observed to be amongst the top ten countries that dealt in coffee around the globe as of 201 1. It is worth mentioning that coffee is also measured to be the third-favourite non-alcoholic drink in the country. Over the year, it has been viewed that in the UK, the chain of coffee shops had grown 5.6% and contributed almost 29.1% market share by 2005. However, it has been viewed that independent and local coffee shops only grew by 2% and faced considerable amount of challenges over the year. Economic disturbance in the UK is also assumed to have affected the customer’s behaviours of drinking coffee. For instance, it was viewed that the coffee market grew by 17% from 2005 to 2009, again out of which, 57% of the total consumers 47% of the customers preferred sitting in coffee shops and 8.3 preferred take away services (Business Case Studies LLP, 2013). Moreover, it has also been viewed that today’s teenagers and young adults frequently visit cafes, which replicates it to be a growing trend. A thorough understanding of the consumer buying behaviour also revealed th at about 37% of the coffee consumers prefer black coffee in the UK, while the remaining 63% like to add sweetener with it. 57% of the total consumers further stated to prefer having it at breakfast (Liang & Wu, n.d.). Increasing Competitors Globalization and the rapid technological aspect is not only considered to be a boon for every individual and business house, which aims at establishing themselves at the global market, but is also stated to be a course for small business houses with limited resources. Coffee market in the UK is considered to be one of the largest industries. With the increasing adaption of coffee by the people worldwide, whereby many multinational organizations are being established in the nation creating greater competiveness for smaller coffee shops, it has been viewed that although, small shops provide better quality products at lesser price, people prefer going to branded stores like Costa and Starbuck as a symbolisation of economic status in the society (Ho spitality & Catering News, 2013). According to a survey conducted by Euromonitior international (2012), it was viewed th

Bbus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Bbus - Essay Example Information processing theory and social identity theory are representative of â€Å"follower centric† approaches, which focuses on followers behaviors and characteristics as centrally important, success depends on the performance of these followers, and it is the followers that, ultimately, influence their leaders. The contingency theory and leader member-exchange theory fall in the middle of the two perspectives. They possess greater balance, by acknowledging the importance of strong leaders and the value of strong followers (Johnson, 2009). 2. Discuss your understanding of promoting ethics versus opposing unethical practices? There are a number of researchers in the world that firmly believe that the number of businesses that adhere to any sort of business ethics, both with the public and among their staff, is fading away (Rajeev, 2012). I believe that ethical practices in business are really a matter of common sense. Honesty, integrity, consistency, and fairness should be present in all of your dealings with customers, clients, employees, and co-workers at all times. Leaders often set the tone for the lack of ethical behaviors, however followers are equally morally responsible, because it is only with their silence, dishonesty, and deceit many members of management would not be able to get away with unethical behavior (Johnson, 2009).Many employees feel a greater obligation to their jobs and employers than to strangers and the truth. There are some things that I, personally, cannot in good conscious compromise and that is my sense of right and wrong. I will not be ethically bullied into to doing something I know is dishonest and that is going to an extreme that I am unwilling to go to. 3. What are your organizational values? Describe how these values are adhered to or not in your workplace. Include examples and analysis. Values allow for a more flexible mode for of decision making than beliefs and intuition put together (Dean, 2011). Values offer mor e freedom to deal with past issues, present issues, and the issues and concerns that rise in the future because it works under the umbrella of a goal, an ideal, something to be achieved. My personal perspective on values concern being fair, ethical, and being certain that hard work is noticed. Presently there are no current negative issues that can be spoken of in my current occupational situation, however, in the past I have witnessed and been involved in situations where the leadership was so entirely self serving that employees literally joked about being sacrificed next. This was the sort of corporate run company where the corporate representatives are seldom if never in the store seeing for themselves how the business in running and where any shortcomings may exist. The managers were quick to take the credit when the business ran smoothly and successfully, but when the situations were not positive these same managers were even quicker to blame the staff for any and everything t hat goes wrong. That is no way to run a business. These are not positive, strong leaders that encourage loyalty from their staff or for the company. I promised myself when I entered the business world I would never allow myself to be involved in a company that only acknowledges their

DIY Behavior interviews Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

DIY Behavior interviews - Assignment Example In connection to this, the college students are no exception. First interviewee felt that most of the employers are interested to candidates who are able to provide quality production and are easy to work with. In connection to this, any college student willing to get chance need to be creative enough while going through the interview question (Herrero 13). Second interviewee; the DIY has nothing more than an elaborate and unique mechanism that is used by most employers to identify candidates who have some social advantages. Third interviewee; the practical of carrying out the DIY by most of the employers provides them with appropriate employees who are well social, committed and ready for quality and quantity production within their various points of work (â€Å"The Complete Outdoor Builder† Web). Fourth interviewee; There is a need for a student to work hard in school to achieve the desired goals in life. Having the DIY in mind to the college, the student will be in a position of being reasonable and essential in education matters. Fifth interviewee; the students will be in a position of working extra hard to beat up the challenges that they may face in future life while they are alone. We managed to carry out a project of College Care Package. First interviewee; the project made us know some of the requirements an individual joining grand school should have. In first place we realised that one should stay caffeinated to fifth sleep off in order to get straight A’s by studying smart (Speed, Mark & Jenny Web). Second interviewee; though, some students still adore minor needs that play no significance role in their studies such as fun food and tricks. Third interviewee; We managed to buy some for our five friends who really became happy with us simply because we wanted to be sure to what extend college students loves minor things. Fourth interviewee;

Generation Y Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Generation Y - Essay Example Prevailing economic, social and political conditions have a considerable effect on people making this lot of youngsters decidedly different from another lot of the same age-group from another period. Generation Yers distinguish themselves in almost everyway: they are a techno-savvy lot who excel at communication via mobile phones and internet networks, work well in groups with mutual respect and understanding, are adept at multi-tasking and are remarkably confident and even tolerant. In spite of the fact that this generation has seen the maximum number of divorces, children of this generation have been regarded as the center of family. Thus, they have grown up secure in the luxury of strong parental support and involvement. This possibly why the Yers are 'driven and ambitious with high expectations'. Generation-Y is very familiar with the internet, cable television and globalization. They are aware of terrorism and the devastation of 9/ 11 and 26/11. They are also aware of global warming and related environmental issues. Making up 20% of the world's population the Millenials are the largest generation since the Baby Boomers and are expected to have a considerable impact on the socio-economic fabric of our civilization. Below are listed three ways in which this impact will manifest itself: This generation is multi-cultural, th

HST 321-Modern History of China(Final Examination Take-Home Component) Essay

HST 321-Modern History of China(Final Examination Take-Home Component) - Essay Example This difference of ideologies between the reds and the experts, affected every aspect of Chinese life and more specifically it was key in the revolutions that were witnessed in the history of china. The ideologies were also seen to be affecting the literature in China. In fact, from the year 1949 when the when the communist leadership led by the Chinese Communist Party, there was a change in the education system so that it included the changing the curriculum of literature from the liberal literature to the study of systematic Chinese literature. This of course affected the literature and arts that are produced by the people who studied the two different curricula. The aim of the CCP was to make sure that the education system resembled that of the Soviet Union since both were communist states. Apart from changing the curriculum for those that were studying the government under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party also tried to control the literature produced by the established writers and actors. Literature or arts that did not seem to be revolutionary or that went against the communist ideologies which were actually redness in this case was unaccepted and could not be published. Writers and artists were urged to take a stand and pick a political standpoint in their literature, literature that seemed to be lukewarm were seen by the government as empty and could not pass the required message to the readers and was therefore not published. The only form of literature that could be published are those that praised the communist ideologies or those that called the readers to act against anti- socialistic ideas. The government was doing all this in order to try and maintain the people’s minds on the communistic ideas. The communist government did not want the scientist or other scholars who included the artist who were open minded about both the socialism and communism to

Advertising Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Advertising Analysis - Essay Example Technical effects are aimed at adding value to the adverts. These include: Sound effects add value to the products, thus giving them emotion. Close-ups give emphasis. Lighting is used to attract viewers’ attention to certain details. Accessories such as models, props and clothes used alongside the products improve them. Editing is focused on generating and pacing excitement; most products are marketed using three primary emotions: humor, sex and fear. These emotions should be independent on intellectual analysis. Unique effects bring inanimate things into life, thus making them exciting. This feature is usually prevalent in children-targeted ads. Camera angles add value to perspectives. For instance, low angles often give the product or subject power; and popular songs and music provide pneumonic devices to ads, and trigger observer’s memory (Berger 14). Common attention –getting hooks are aimed at attracting viewers’ attentions. They include humor, symbol s, repetition, fear, sex, flattering, big lies, macho, femininity, ordinary people, famous people, hype, testimonials, cute and vague promises (Berger 17). These are described as follows: Humor is commonly used since it makes the observers more attentive and memorable. Symbols such as crosses and flags are easily recognizable elements that generate powerful emotions. Repetition is used to repeat sales pitch over and over again. Fear messages are focused on addressing observers’ insecurities. It is one of the commonly used techniques since extra attention is needed to resist these messages. And sex often sells without exception. Cute images and people always add value to the show, especially in cartoon and family programs. Most adverts feature celebrities giving testimonials why certain products are recommendable. This is because people respect products endorsed by celebrities such as Michael Jordan and Tiger Woods. Famous people like Tiger Woods make products attractive and a ppealing through associations. Ads that target family or community such as Wal-Mart use ordinary people in their shows. Femininity is a gender stereotype that is commonly used in a variety of products like alcohol ads and make-up commercials. Macho is commonly used in adverts that target male community, but not exclusively. It represents male stereotype and masculinity. Such ads include tobacco and military adverts. Exotic is the appeal of the other option. It maybe a tribal person, mountain location, beach location, or something unfamiliar or strange. Film effects, music, fashion and images depicting a certain period in history are focused to represent demographic featured in the advert. This may include pop and classic rock music (Berger 34). Culture is a feature that is essential when designing an advert. An advert should be designed in accordance to specific ethnic groups. For example, Latino-targeted adverts may include particular uses of language or family scenes (Berger 34). There are two key analytical frameworks used to describe adverts and other visuals. These are content analysis and semiotic analysis. The two techniques are not often used when analyzing an ad because they both originate from different ideological stances (Berger 41). Active interpretation is primarily concerned with the act of interpretation. From this, the meaning of the advert is obtained from the process of interpretation, but not from the content of the advert. Such adverts are designed to bring the viewers to a common understanding. There is also diversity of interpretation method, which focuses on the different views presented by the viewers regarding the same advert. This method takes into account factors such as ethnicity, age, class and

Management Accounting - balance sheet and cost reduction Assignment

Management Accounting - balance sheet and cost reduction - Assignment Example From the indexes given the cost of labour has increased over the years while the price of their products also tends to increase over the years, therefore the increase in the cost of labour has led to an increase in prices. The cost of direct materials has increased over the years meaning that this could have caused the increase in the cost of production for a unit. On the other hand retail prices have increased over the years as indicated by the retail price index. b) An indication of the possible areas of weaknesses in the material, labour and overhead costing and control practices and procedures used in the factory of the company. In addition, you should comment on any other areas you consider to be significant. Job order costing is used where each job is unique and requires special attention, therefore this is the best method to be used by Sidcup limited because each order is different in production, the problem faced by this company is that the determination of cost of labour used and materials used, the method used is inappropriate. Sidcup estimates material costs using the cost from the previous year which is very wrong because their costs may increase or decrease during the year, therefore the company should adopt one of the material cost estimation methods. (Pizzey A (1989)) Direct labour cost estimation is also not approp... Last in last out- this means that costs of materials used will be determined by the cost of those that came in last. Average method- this means that the cost of materials used will be determined by an averaged cost of the materials. Specific identification this means that materials cost will be determined by the specific cost of those used in production. Sidcup estimates material costs using the cost from the previous year which is very wrong because their costs may increase or decrease during the year, therefore the company should adopt one of the material cost estimation methods. (Pizzey A (1989)) Direct labour cost estimation is also not appropriate, the cost of labour used is that determined at the beginning of the year using the previous year expenses. The company should adopt direct labour cost estimation methods which will use labour hours and cost per hour to determine labour costs. The company has no budget for any year, the company therefore should budget prepare sales budgets, production budgets, direct material usage budgets and direct material budgets in order to aid in planning and coordination of activities in the organisation. According to the components of the costs of production given below, the cost of labour is higher than any other cost; therefore they use a labour intensive method of production. The cost of production can be brought down through the adoption of a capital intensive means of production where the machines do a lot of the work. Machines will also increase their production capacity and this will lead to economies of scale where the total overheads will be distributed to a large number of units produced.

An Analysis of Marketing Communications Tools Used by Venture Capital Essay

An Analysis of Marketing Communications Tools Used by Venture Capital Investment funds to attract Investors and Gain their Trust - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that Venture Capital funds are attracting cash from all over the world to fuel the organic growth of the â€Å"new economy†. The new economy may be defined as an economy characterized by the absence of business cycles or inflations. The new economy usually has an accelerated rate of productivity growth. Industries such as the software industry and e-commerce characterize the new economy. It is the most trending financial services area with huge external interest caused by the recent Silicon Valley IPO(Initial Public Offering) success. Due to the fact that financial services Industry is relatively new Context for academic marketing literature, this dissertation will investigate current and potential utilization of marketing communication strategies that are or could be applied by Venture Capital (VC) Investment funds to attract investors and gain trust in their brand. Marco factors in the background of this research make this case par ticularly interesting. Post credit crisis effects on the financial industry, current global sovereign debt crisis, consumer skepticism, have external, negative impact on trust in the industry. Lerner contends that â€Å" financial crisis appears to have had a substantial negative effect on investors’ willingness to finance innovative entrepreneurship†. However, is it always the case? Most recent 2011private equity sector successes and boom in Venture Capital (VC) investments demonstrate that this sector is somewhat different and despite the economic crisis, money from institutional and private wealth is flowing into these funds with the expectation of high-risk – high-return. Not just high-risk, on top of that, in comparison to traditional Hedge funds, VC funds are perceived as being less transparent and even sometimes associated with money laundering. Hedge fund manager presenting in front of the panel of investors would normally quantify the nature of investme nt strategy.

Patient’s history Essay Example for Free

Patient’s history Essay Nursing Diagnosis 1: Inadequate nutrition Debbie’s nutrition is not adequate for her age, as well as her weight. Due to frequent nausea/vomiting, emotional distress she lost weight. Her weight is less ( 89 pounds) compared to her usual weight ( 110 pounds). The assessment and management of weight is a major preoccupation in contemporary healthcare. Clinical interventions focus on achieving energy balance deficit and are premised on claims that excess weight/fatness (body mass index (BMI) 25) is a significant direct cause of morbidity and mortality and, correspondingly, that weight loss in fat (overweight or obese) people will reduce risk and/or improve health outcomes. (Aphramor, 2010). Desired Outcome 1 Desired Outcome 2 Nursing Intervention 1 Refer Debbie to nutritionist. Debbie will have more information regarding healthy eating within 2 weeks. She will realize the importance of her diet and metabolism. Debbie realized the importance of healthy nutrition and regimen. She gained weight in 2 months more than 10 pounds. She feels comfortable and happy. Nursing Intervention 2 Pharmacological intervention, education regarding medications. Debbie will control her weight also by controlling her nausea using the prescribed medication for nausea. She will receive information on how to use the medication, frequency, dosage, side effects in 2 days. After one week Debbie has more information regarding her medications, realized that medication helps her to control nausea and takes as ordered. Evaluation method Follow up visit in doctor’s office after discharge within 2 weeks, daily weights. Follow visit- patient weighs 12 pounds more, less nauseous, feels comfortable in her weight. Rationale Patient education, more information regarding nutrition, talking, relaxation techniques, pharmacological. Given instructions regarding future appointments and plans on her treatment, daily weights, weight control. Nursing Diagnosis 2: Educational deficit Debbie needs more information regarding her care. She needs education related to medications, self-catheterization, breast self-examination. Patient education is a central the practice of nursing and should be in part of their domain. The most important part of patient education is to prepare Debbie for independence in her care, increase the confidence and competence for self-management. (Bastable, 2006). Desired Outcome 1 Desired Outcome 2 Nursing Intervention 1 Instructions on how do self breast- examinations and self- catheterization, warning signs/symptoms. Debbie will be able to do breast self-examination herself in one week, will be able to perform intermittent self-catheterization. Two weeks passed. Debbie states how she performs breast self-examination, what she needs to look out for. She states how often she does the examination and demonstrates what positional changes she needs to do. Nursing Intervention 2 Patient education Debbie will know information about her medications, route, dosage, side effects in 2 days. Teach back achieved regarding medications. Debbie states that she was anxious previously as she thought the will not remember all the information given. She is happy as she did everything correct. Evaluation method Asked multiple cross questions, Debbie answers as educated, seems more interested in future education. Debbie made an organizer for her. The organizer contains medication regimen, few special considerations, reminders. Rationale Demonstrated Debbie how to do breast examination, catheterization. Used a kit and plastic body to demonstrate. Used the board to give important information regarding medication. Debbie demonstrates what she does at home to do the catheterization, breast self-examination, questions given, answered properly as was educated. Nursing Diagnosis 3: Emotional distress. Debbie is experiencing emotional distress, anxiety. As stated in case study she is tearful, has great concern regarding her future. Effective  communication among nurse and patient/family can improve care and relieve suffering. The diagnosis and treatment for cancer is a major challenge and it affects all aspects of life. By therapeutic communication, providing information, encouraging optimistic outlook, teaching how to reduce stress patient care will have better outcomes. (Yarbro, Wujchik, Gobel, 2010). Desired Outcome 1 Desired Outcome 2 Nursing Intervention 1 Debbie will get used to controlling her stress by daily walks, relaxation techniques, music, spending time with family in 2 weeks. Debbie states she feels better spending time with family, resting, being in the park, meeting friends when feeling lonely and anxious. Nursing Intervention 2 Debbie will be seen by spiritual care in 2 days. Debbie states that her conversations with spiritual care makes her feel more relaxed, she reads books, has prayers at her bedside. Evaluation method Given instructions on how to manage time and stress with different activities, planning activity and periods of rest. Asked questions regarding Debbie’s days, stress management. Rationale Educational packets, brochures, referrals provided. Multiple written stress tests used to find our patient’s emotional condition. Seems more relaxed and less anxious. References Aphramor, L. (2010, July). Validity of claims made in weight management research: a narrative review of dietetic articles. Nutrition Journal, 9(). Bastable, S. B. (2006). Essentials of Patient Education. : Jones Bartlett Learning. Yarbro, C., Wujchik, D., Gobel, B. (2010). Cancer Nursing: Principles and Practice (7th ed.). : Jones Bartlett Learning.

Extraction and Determination of Met and MHA

Extraction and Determination of Met and MHA Determination of Methionine and Methionine Hydroxy Analogue in the Forms of Free or Metal Chelates Contained in Feed Formulations by RP-HPLC M. Salahinejad,* F .Aflaki Abstract: Methionine is often the first or second limiting amino acid in most diets and so is most representative of amino acids fed as nutritional supplements. It commonly supplemented as DL-methionine or as methionine hydroxy analogue. A simple and rapid method for simultaneous extraction and determination of DL-methionine and methionine hydroxy analogue in forms of free or in forms of metal- chelates contained in feed samples is described. The sample extraction procedure was performed using HCl solution and heating in an autoclave or oven, which followed by the addition of EDTA and acetonitrile. Quantification and detection were carried out by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography on a NovaPak C18 column with ultraviolet detection at 214 nm. With a mobile phase consisted of 5% acetonitrile + 1.5% sodiumdihydrogenphosphate in water, the chromatographic run time were 6 min. The detection limit for DL-methionine and methionine hydroxy analogue were 2.33 and 5.46  µg mL− 1 andMAMwith the relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) was 4.4 and 7.3% (C = 10  µg mL−1, n = 5) respectively. The recoveries of methionine and methionine hydroxy analogue in feed samples were > 97%. Keywords: Methionine hydroxy analogue, DL-methionine, Metal-chelates, Reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) Introduction For optimum health and performance, the animals diets must contain adequate quantities of all nutrients needed, including amino acid. The essential amino acid furthest below the level needed to build protein is known as limiting amino acid. The shortage of limiting amino acid will constrain animal growth, reduce feed efficiency and in extreme cases cause a nutritional deficiency [1]. Methionine and lysine considered the most limiting amino acids in most animal diets. Supplementation of methionine may be accomplished by the addition of DL-methionine or the hydroxyl analogue of methionine (DL-2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutanoic acid) [2]. Fig. 1 represents the structures of DL-methionine (Met) and methionine hydroxy analogue (MHA). Organic forms like metal chelates of transition metal ions in particular Zinc (II), Copper (II) and Manganese (II) with amino acids and peptides are widely used in animal feeding as they appear to induce as faster growth and better resistance to various diseases in comparison with the simple inorganic salts [3]. It has been suggested that these effects are correlated with the improved metal bio-availability. The chelates are absorbed in the small intestine, possibly using transporters for amino acids small peptides [4]. Many forms of metal complexes with amino acid chelates and hydrolyzed proteins are commercially available, as metal amino acid chelates and complexed chelated (metal) proteinates (CCP) respectively [5-7]. The methionine hydroxyl analogue largely used in animal nutrition as a source of methionine, forms stable chelates with divalent metals of formula [{CH3SCH2CH2CHOHCOO}2 M].nH2O [8]. Several methods have been used for DL-methionine determination including ion exchange chromatography in combination with pre or post column derivatization [9] and amino acid analyzer [10]. These methods are not applicable to the determination of methionine hydroxy analogue because it contains ÃŽ ±-hydroxy instead of ÃŽ ±-amino group (Fig.1). Gas chromatography [10] electrophoresis [11] and high performance chromatography [12-14] were used for determination of MHA. (a) (b) Fig.1. Structures of (a) DL-methionine and (b) methionine hydroxy analogue. The use of so-called variant recipes in the production of industrial feeds causes that in practice the analyst encounters a differentiated and unknown composition of the so-called matrix, i.e. the elements of a feed mixture that in many cases made it hard to isolate and at times even make it impossible to mark MHA in the environment of a feed mixture [15]. Moreover the accurate determination of methionine and methionine hydroxy analogue contained in the metallic chelates of feeds depended on complete releasing of methionine and methionine hydroxy analogue from metals. The purpose of the paper was to develop and evaluate the method of simultaneous determination of MHA and Met in forms of free or in forms of chelates in compound feed samples. Material and Methods Apparatus Chromatographic determination were performed on a Waters Liquid Chromatograph which consisted of Waters 1525 Binary HPLC pump, Waters 2487 Dual ÃŽ » absorbance detector, Breeze data processing system and C18 NovaPack column. An adjustable rocker shaker (Cole- Parmer ® 60Hz) and a feed grinder to facilitate sample preparation were used. Reagents and standards The stock standard solution of Met and MHA was prepared weekly using DL- Methionine (extra pure, Merck) and Alimet (commercial name of the hydroxy-analogue of methionine containing 89.7% MHA in 0.1 N HCl respectively. All working solutions were prepared by diluting the stock standards as necessary. Deionized distilled water obtained from a Milli-Q system (Millipore, Milford, USA) was used for standard dilutions and other necessary preparations. All other chemicals such as NaH2PO4, extra pure; acetonitril, isocratic grade; EDTA (disodium salt) 99%, HCl 37%, orthophosphoric acid 85% and sodium hydroxyl, analytical reagent grade, were supplied by Merck. Sample preparation Aliquots of finely ground samples (mean particle size of 600  µm) containing 0.1 gr methionine hydroxy analogues (MHA) or 0.1 gr DL-methionine (Met) in forms of free or in forms of metal-chelates were added in 20 ml of 0.1 N HCl solution and heated in autoclave in steam flow in 120 oC for 5 min or in oven with 90 oC for 20 min. After cooling, by adding 20 ml of EDTA solution (10% W/V) and 5 ml of acetonitrile, the samples were shacked for 10 min and then solutions were filtered using 0.45  µm filter. Volume is filled to 100 ml with distilled water and a proportion of solution injected onto the HPLC column. Fig.2. Chromatogram of the extracted Met and MHA from feed. Chromatographic conditions Separation and quantitation of MHA and Met have been performed with reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The column was NovaPak C18 (150 Ãâ€" 4.6 mm, 5  µm) in ambient temperature. Samples were injected in volumes ranging from 5 to 20  µl using Rehodyne injector. The solvent system for separation of Met and MHA consisted of 5% acetonitrile + 1.5% NaH2PO4 in water. Using this isocratic mobile phase the chromatographic run time was 6 min. After this, a washing step was programmed to 40% acetonitrile in mobile phase so that any residual sample components would be cleaned from the column. The washing step was 5 min and column conditioned by primary mobile phase for 4 min prior the next injection. The flow rate, UV wavelength and detector attenuation used was respectively 1 ml min-1, 214 nm and 0.2 a.u.f.s. The amounts of MHA and Met contained in the samples were determined by interpolating the value of the peak area of calibration curves obtained by inject ing 5, 10, 15, 20 ÃŽ ¼l of mixed standard solution containing 200 mgr L-1 Met and 400 mgr L-1 MHA. The bulk standard was prepared weekly. Fig.2 shows a chromatogram which obtained by injection of the extracted sample solution. Statistical analysis In order to verify differences of effecting factors on extraction efficiency, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied with the level of significance set at 0.05. The SPSS statistical program (SPSS Inc, Illinois, USA) was used to perform all statistical calculations. Results Study of effective factors on extraction efficiency of Met and MHA The effect of various parameters such as temperature, heating time, the presence or absence of hydrochloric acid (variation of pH) and EDTA (as a strong ligand) in the recovery of the Met and MHA in the forms of free or metal-chelates were investigated. Table 1 shows the mean recovery of the Met and MHA in the forms of free or metal-chelates from compounded feed at 90 oC for 20 min in 0.1 N HCl and distilled water. Recovery tests were performed by adding known amounts of different forms of Met and MHA to a compounded feed which its basic elements was: maize, wheat bran, soybean ground grain, fish meal, plant oil, calcium phosphate, mineral vitamin premix. The recovery of free Met and MHA from compounded feed by distilled water was > 96%, while the recovery of Met and MHA from metal-chelate was 95%. Table 1 Mean recovery of the Met and MHA from compounded feed with distilled water and 0.1 N HCl solutions at 90 oC for 20 min. a: n = 4 Different temperatures (25-120 oC) in different period of times (5 min -3 hours) were examined to evaluation of the effects of temperature and heating time in the simultaneous extraction of Met and MHA in both forms. Based on extraction efficiency of the Met and MHA in the forms of free or metal-chelates, three conditions including: Autoclave (T: 120 oC, t: 5 min), Oven (T: 90 oC, t: 20 min) and Room temperature (t: 3 hours) were chosen. The effect of strong ligand such as EDTA on extraction of Met and MHA in forms of metal-chelate was investigated. Table 2 represents the mean recovery of the Met and MHA in forms of metal-chelate in different heating condition (different temperature and time) in the presence or absence of EDTA as a strong ligand. The results illustrated in Table 2 reveal that the extraction of the MHA from MHA metal-chelates in feed was about 94% with heating by autoclave in 120 oC for 5 min or oven at 90 oC for 20 min. By adding the EDTA solution to the samples the recovery of MHA from MHA metal-chelates become > 97%. The recovery of the Met was > 96% even in ambient temperature and ETDA do not show a considerable effect on the Met recovery from the feed. Table 2 Mean recovery of Met and MHA (0.1 N HCl solution) in three different conditions: Autoclave (T: 120 oC, t: 5 min), Oven (T: 90 oC, t: 20 min), Room temperature: (T: 27 oC, t: 3 hours) Analytical performance of the method Quality variables including the limit of detection (LOD) and precision, as the relative standard deviation (R.S.D.), were investigated to evaluate the analytical performance of the proposed method. According to the IUPAC identification [16] the limit of detection (LOD, 3ÃŽ ´) of the proposed method was 2.33 and 5.46  µg mL−1 for Met and MHA respectively. MAMwith The R.S.D. was 4.4 and 7.3% (C = 10  µg mL−1, n = 5) for Met and MHA respectively. Good linear relationships exist for peak area counts versus the amount of Met and MHA (Fig. 3). The regression equation for calibration curves for Met was Y = 209551x + 296453 with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9983 and for MHA was Y = 182603x + 294054with correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9995 where Y is the peak area counts and x is the concentration (ppm) of analyte. Table 3 Recovery of Met or MHA from pure metal chelates complex. a: n = 4 Fig.3. Calibration curves for MHA and Met analysis. Method evaluation For evaluation of the described method, the recovery of Met or MHA from pure Met or MHA metal-chelates were determined (Table 3). The results show good agreement between the results of the mentioned method and the value which declared by the producers. The precision was determined by calculating the relative standard deviation of four analyses for each condition. The method also was applied for simultaneous extraction and determination of different forms of Met and MHA from compounded feed. As shown in Table 4, the obtained results prove a good agreement of the mean content of Met or MHA in mixtures with the declaration. Table 4 Simultaneous determination of different forms of Met and MHA from compounded feed. Table 5 Content of Met or MHA in the analyzed industrial feed mixtures (g/Kg). a: n = 4 In order to evaluate the effect of typical sample matrix, numerous industrial feed samples, which their Met or MHA content declared by the producer, originating from Iran, Germany, Italy and France was qualitatively examined. The results (Table 5) show a good agreement between the obtained mean content with the declaration of free or metal-chelate form of Met or MHA in industrial feed mixtures. Basing on the above results, the usefulness of the described method for determination of the Met and MHA in form of free or in forms of metal-chelates in feed mixtures can be stated. Discussion The solubility of DL-methionine in aqueous solutions increases 5-fold (176.0 Vs 33.8 g L-1) when temperature is increased from 25 to 100 oC [17,18]. Different temperatures (25-120 oC) in different period of times (5 min -3 hours) was examined to evaluation of the effects of temperature and heating time in simultaneous extraction of Met and MHA in free or metal-chelate forms. The temperature and the time of extraction have inverse effects on extraction efficiency of both analyts. When temperature increases, the time required for maximum extraction of both analyts decrease and vise versa. By performing analysis of variance (ANOVA) and student t-test between different conditions (different temperature and time) the three conditions: autoclave 120 oC for 5 min, oven 90 oC for 20 min and room temperature for 3 hours had no significant differences ( p > 0.05) in extraction efficiency of Met and MHA in free forms (as shown in Table 2). But extraction in room temperature significantly had lo wer recovery in metal-chelate form of Met and MHA. Therefore, for simultaneous extraction of Met and MHA in free or metal-chelate forms, the 90 oC for 20 min was chosen. pH can play a unique role on metal–chelate formation or releasing of metal from metal-chelates [19]. Experiments have shown DL- methionine extraction recoveries obtained with hydrochloric acid and with distilled water at ambient temperature are not statistically different [20]. Therefore the extraction of Met and MHA in free forms could be done with distilled water at 90 oC for 20 min. The application of this procedure to be unsuitable for extraction of Met and MHA contained in metallic chelates. As shown in Table 1, the extraction recovery of Met and MHA in metal-chelate forms with distilled water is significantly lower (p EDTA is a stronger ligand than MHA therefore it can form more stable complex with metals and it must affect on recovery of MHA. Therefore by adding EDTA solution to the samples the recovery of MHA (> 97%) from MHA metal-chelates were significantly higher, but this has no significant effect on Met extraction recovery. Conclusion A simple, rapid and reliable method for simultaneous extraction and determination of Met and MHA in forms of free or in forms of metal-chelates in feed samples has been developed. This method can be used for analysis of free methionine or methionine hydroxy analogue as well as their metal-chelate form, from industrial feed samples without any variation. It involves a simple procedure sample preparation using 0.1 N HCl solutions and heating in autoclave or oven, which followed by addition of EDTA and acetonitrile, and quantitation by an isocratic HPLC analysis on a C18 column. References: [1] M. Korhonen, A.Vanhatalo, P. Huhtanen, J.Driry.Sci., 85 (2002) 1533. [2] D.Hoehler, M. Rademacher, R. Mosenthin, Advances in pork production, 16 (2005) 109. [4] T. L. Stanton, D. Schutz, C. Swenson, Prof. Anim. Sci. 7 (2001) 101. [3] H.D. Ashmead, S.D. Ashmead, R.A. Samford, Intern.J.Appl.Res.Vet.Med.,2 (2004) 252. [5] C. E. Nockels, J. DeBonis, J. Torrent, J. Anim. Sci., 71 (1993 )2539. [6] H. T. Ballantine, , M. T. Socha, D. J. Tomlinson, A. B. Johnson, A. S. Fielding, J. K. Shearer, S. R.Amstel, Prof. Anim. Sci., 18 (2002) 211. [7Ú† [7] B.L. Creech, J.W.Spears, W.L. Flowers, G.M. Hill, K.E. Lioyd, T.A. Armestrong, T.E. Engle, J.Anim.Sci., 82 (2004) 2140. [8] S. Ferruzza., G. Leonardi., E.Cinti., M.Tegoni., J. Inorg. Biochem., 95 (2003) 221. [9] W. Baeyens, J. Bruggeman, C. Dewaele, B. Lin, K. Imai., 5 (2005) 13. [10] C. Aoyama , T. Santa *, M. Tsunoda , T. Fukushima, C. Kitada , Ka. Imai., Bio.Med.Chromatogr., 18 ( ) 630. [11] A.P. Solomonova, J.S. Kamentsev, N.V. Komarova, J. Chromatogr. B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci, 800 (2004) 135. [12] A. Baudicheau ,J. Sci. Food Agric., 38 (1987) 1. [13] D. Wauters., J. De mol, L. Temmerman., J. Chromatogr. A,516 (1990) 375. [14] D. Balschukat, E. Kress, E. Tanner., Landwirtsch. Forsch., 41 (1988) 120. [15] S. Maytyka, J. Rubaj, W. Korol, G. Bielecka, 9 (2006) 1. [16] G. L. Long, J.D. Winefordner, Anal. Chem. 55, (1983) 713A-724A. [17] R.C. Weast (Editor), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 69th ed. (1988). [18] Merk Index, Merck, Rahway, NJ, 10th ed. (1983). [19] T.E. Brown, L.K. Zeringue, J. Dairy Sci. 77, (1994)181–187. [20] L. Yang, R.E. Sturgeon, S. McSheehy, Z. Mester, J. Chromatogr. A 1055, (2004) 177-184.

An Evaluation Of Agglomeration Economics

An Evaluation Of Agglomeration Economics There are a number of advantages that may be enjoyed by firms who locate near other firms. These advantages are known as agglomeration economics or external economies of scale. (Helsley 2003) These advantages are known as external because they do not arise from the company itself, but from the external environment. Similar businesses that locate close to each other can produce more efficiently and at a lower cost due to their ability to specialize, access to resources, decrease in transportation and access to knowledge and information. Two examples of areas that have benefited from the agglomerating of economies are the oil and gas industry in Alberta and the Auto industry in Detroit. These industries arose in their specific locations for different reasons but both share the common conditions of economies of scale and agglomeration economics. Both of these industries take advantage of the locations by producing more efficiently and maximizing profits. The Oil Industry in Alberta The most renowned oil discovery in Alberta that really propelled the industry was made by Imperial Oil 1n 1947 when they struck oil near Leduc. (ucalgary.ca) Oil was however discovered in Alberta much before then. In the 1910s a farmer at Okotoks discovered gas and then later in the 1930s oil was discovered beneath the gas fields. Because of these two discoveries international oil companies began operations in Alberta, and in 1923 and 1939 Imperial Oil and British America Oil built refineries in Calgary. In 1938 the Alberta government set up the Alberta Energy Conservation Board in 1938, this led the way for Calgarys development of being the main administration center for the oil and gas industry in Alberta. These early discoveries helped turn Alberta from one of the poorest provinces in the Nation into the multibillion dollar empire that it is today. The reason that the oil and gas industry settled in Alberta was because of geographic location, this is where the bulk of the oil and gas in the county resides. Because this industry is based on extraction and processing of a raw resource it needed to locate where the resource is. However government policy has also helped shape the industry. Government policy, both at the provincial and federal levels have impacted the oil and gas economy. Like I previously mentioned the provincial government in 1938 set of the AECB and this chose Calgary as the main administrative head for the industry. More recently other government programs have also helped shape the industry by opening up markets and access to labor, NAFTA is an example of this. Once the industry starts growing it creates many positive externalities that fuel the feedback loop which in turn grows the economy some more. There are now several areas of the province that have specialized even further and are now seeing their own agglomeration economics some examples of this are the oil and gas headquarters in downtown Calgary and Albertas Industrial Heartland north east of Edmonton. This area consists of many companies specializing in the petro chemical industry. These companies locating in close proximity greatly reduces their pipe line costs because they can all share one major pipeline and then just build minor lines to each of their plants. In Calgary having so many companies in close proximity greatly increases the speed to which communications and knowledge can be transferred and it also greatly reduces search costs for firms looking for skilled labor. Having the oil industry focused in Alberta has also helped in greatly expanding research and training pro grams for the industry. Much of this has been developed out of necessity because extraction is becoming more and more difficult and companies need to specialize further and further, directional drilling and the oil sands are examples of this. The oil industry has grown into one of the most influential sectors in the county, and has left Alberta, with its newly found financial security to be admired. There are many factors such as a stable government, government programs and incentives and new knowledge and technologies that have all helped shape the industry into what it now is. However it is impossible to try and over look the obvious fact that the industry is located where it is because of access to the valuable resource beneath Albertas soils. Alberta has been able to create this powerful agglomerated economy because of the simple fact that the province contains massive reserves whether they be shallow gas or the Oil Sands of Fort McMurray. Detroits Auto Industry Detroit or Motown is the leading Vehicle manufacturer in the United States. It was not always this way however. The first gas powered automobile was manufactured is Springfield Massachusetts in 1896. The first automobile to be built in Detroit was manufactured by Olds in 1899. But by 1904 42% of automobiles were built in Detroit and then by 1914 this number rose to 78%. (McDonald 2007) From 1900 to 1930 the population of Detroit grew rapidly from 305 000 to 1 837 000 people this was greatly related to the fact that by 1929 the Auto Mobile industry in Detroit was the largest industry in the Country. In 1909 there were over 200 automobile manufacturers in the United States this number however dropped rapidly until it was basically just the three based out of Detroit; General Motors, Ford and Chrysler. There are a few other factors that some have contributed to the successes of Detroit, such as the fact that Detroit is a major shipping port and this would give them access to cheap trans portation of raw resources, parts and markets. While geographic location may have played a minor role in the Auto industry in Detroit it is widely recognized that it is not a key element in Detroits success. (Klepper 2001) The main reason is just the fact of Agglomeration Economics. Early automobile manufacturers were set up all over the county, the ones that became the most successful just happened to be the ones that were setup in close proximity. Detroit already had a shipping industry which meant that there was already skilled mechanics that knew gas engines, this gave the auto industry access to these skills. There was also already manufacturers in place that could build engines and parts. Because there were so many manufacturers in close proximity this is were people began moving to find work, because with so many companies close together it created the highest odds of finding a job. There was also spill over knowledge that other companies could learn from, such as Henry Fords famous invention the assembly line. This greatly decreased cost and speed up the time in which an auto could be manufactured. In 1910 it is said that the assembly line lowered the cost to produce one Model T from $780 $360. (McDonlad) Once the other manufactures in Detroit saw the great success of this they soon implemented assembly lines. 2 There are many benefits to businesses that relocate to a place where there is an agglomerating economy. The most obvious advantage is economies of scale. When an industry grows large enough companies start to specialize. When a market is large enough and companies start to specialize then costs are reduced. In the auto industry if there are part manufacturers and that is all they specialize in then the auto manufactures may be able to buy products such as bearings for less than they could produce them internally. Or for say the oil industry there might be some sort of drilling problem and a company needs a special piece of machinery, it doesnt make since for them to buy it for just one problem but there is probably another company that has specialized in that piece of machinery so it is cheaper just to hire them. Production costs are also greatly reduced in an agglomerated economy because of a reduction in transportation costs, both of people and material. In the case of the Industri al Heartland they can all share pipeline costs instead of having to all build their own, this greatly reduces costs. As well if there is enough industry located in an area it also may become more economical to have a rail line put in. As well it makes more sense to have refineries built in Alberta because this is where the oil production is so it saves on shipping raw resources. As well in both instances it greatly reduces on the cost of the transfer of knowledge. When an automobile company has a great new idea or a production technique and you are located near them, then the likely hood of finding out about the idea and benefiting from it is much higher. As well in either instance if you have a problem and need help there is probably someone close to you that has had experience dealing with that issue, or there might be specialized think tanks set up for the industry. When you are working in an area that is very technical it is important to have access to the best minds and new tec hnology. As well when you have all of this knowledge and experience at your finger tips it doesnt feel as if youre alone, you are working under years of past experience that has greatly reduced the risk for your business in the industry. In this case there is a major advantage compared to someone opening a business far away from the major area of influence. As well as there being benefits to the business and industry as a hole there are also advantages of agglomerated economies for employees. For instance if you were looking for a job in an automobile factory, you would prefer to go to a city where that are 5 factories then go to a city with only one, your chances of successfully finding a job increase if there are more possible positions. As well when there are more jobs in an area an employee can pick and choose and find the position that most closely matches his or her skill set and desires. If there are more jobs this also increase opportunities for an employee to leave and go and work for the competitor this causes employers to have to increase pay or working conditions in order to retain their employees. There are other positive externalities along with this, once workers start to concentrate in an area then other amenities such as restaurants and shopping malls will follow. Agglomeration, however, may have a few drawbacks. It may cause an area to become to undiversified, such as Alberta we just recently witnessed that a drop in the price of oil causes a relapse in the entire province. Or for Michigan a drop in Auto production has caused a collapse in almost the entire city. Since 2000 there has been a decline of over a half million jobs in Detroit this has left vast areas of the city vacant and there is even entire office buildings in Detroits downtown which have been left vacant. As well there is a term called dissagglomeration (Fritzgerald 200) In this instance a region becomes so successful that it loses its cost savings appeal. An example of this is when it becomes so competitive in an area that it drives real estate prices so high that it becomes no longer economical to locate in that area. This has become evident for many workers in Alberta, housing prices have skyrocketed in areas such as Calgarys downtown and employees now have to make major com mutes. As well along with booming business and successful employees comes the proliferation of crime and human density increases and congestion. 3 In respect to the two examples of agglomeration used above they have affected their respective regions differently. Albertas oil patch is booming along with this there is an abundance of well paying jobs. We have seen an increase in the number of engineers and other educated students want to enter this field, however we have seen an even larger number of students either drop out of high school or go straight from high school to the oil industry because education is not needed in order to get a well paying job. So, over all there seems to have been a decline in the importance of a post secondary education. There has also been an increase in movement of Canadas uneducated into Alberta to find jobs. The population density in Alberta has drastically increased due to the Oil industry and this has brought problems such as pollution with it. However, even though there are some drawbacks the Oil and gas Industry definitely needs to be attributed to the financial success and national importan ce of Alberta. In Detroit however it seems to be a different story. Historically the affects would seem to have been the same, Detroit was highly successful attracted a lot of employees and would have been extremely nationally important because it was contributing so much to the economy. Now however Detroit seems to be dying. The reason for this is the slowdown in the Auto industry. The crash of the Auto industry cannot be linked to agglomeration, the crash of Detroit however can be partly. Because of agglomeration Detroit did not diversify its economy very well the Auto sector seemed too powerful and lucrative to worry, now however with the slow down, we are seeing massive layoffs and vacant homes. Part 2 1 This clustering of businesses would be considered examples of agglomeration economies. However I feel that not to the same extent, because they would not experience as many benefits as the agglomeration of an entire industry. They do however reduce some costs and have some added benefits. By clustering business can better monitor market trends, monitor their competition, as well they may be able to cluster in terms of safety and to help watch and guard each others merchandise and lots. The big benefit though is that a multiple of stores can better attract customers then a single store off by itself. By clustering consumers can spend less on transportation and they will be more inclined to visit the area with the most stores for shopping ease. Because of the scale there are some benefits that I feel they do not get to experience, such as a decrease in start up costs and a decrease in raw material costs. Two examples of this type of agglomeration would be the Auto Mile in Wetaskiwin Al berta; A Toyota City B Pioneer Chrylser Jeep D Schwabs Chevrolet F Denham Ford Sales G Spruce View Motors H Union Motors As well as bars along the red mile in Calgary, 17th ave sw; Left to Right: Morgans Pub Mugs Restauraunt Beckhams Pub Watchmans Delivery Red Mile Creamery Desserts Melrose Cafà © Bar Ship Anchor Pub Bob the Fish Tavern Rose Crown Pub The Auto Mile in Wetaskiwin is well known and is recognized by its own Advertisement Cars cost less in Wetaskiwin. This shows that the area is not just known for a single dealership, it is known because there is many dealerships together and that attracts business. As well it is the same for the Red Mile customers want to go and walk down 17th ave because there is a lot of pubs and restaurants. Because there is a variety it attracts more customers then if there were just one business, even though when there are many businesses they will have to compete for business. 2 Harold Hotellings model is based mostly on transportation costs and price. Rather than positive externalities of being side by side. Hotelling assumes that customers choose were to purchase their product based on the cost of the good plus transportation, add these together and pick the less expensive. Because of this firms will set up in the same central location to maximize exposure and avoid being placed between two other stores and getting squeezed out. According to Hotelling firms choose their location based strictly on maximizing the amount of people in their area relative to the competition. Two examples of this are Fast Food restaurants and gas stations. In both these cases competitors either tend to be side by or across the street from each other. So even though in both of these cases it is the firms locating close to one another it is for very different reasons. In the Hotelling theory firms cluster for competitive reasons and in agglomeration economics they cluster for the economic benefits and economies of scale. 3 Benefitting from clustering or not is most likely a case by case scenario. It will not be the same for all types of industries and will need to be calculated on a case by case basis. No matter what the case, competition will increase by clustering and this should lower prices. In the Hotteling model the decreased prices are offset by the increased customer base that clustering creates so it all depends on whether or not this does indeed offset the reduced prices. Agglomeration economies on the other hand benefit from reduced costs, greater people, information etc. In agglomeration economics the benefits are always supposedly positive otherwise they would not hold true and business would relocate to be close to one another. The Hotelling model is based on competiveness where as agglomeration economics are based on maximizing benefit. 4 I believe that whether or not firms cluster and how they benefit from it or not is largely dependent on what level of the economy they are in and what type of good. It would seem that manufacturing level firms would benefit from clustering through agglomeration economics. These are the firms such as oil and gas refineries and automobile manufacturing. They have highly substitutable products and they do not market to the end consumer, and therefore would greatly benefit from the reduced costs. Where as an industry like the clothing stores market directly to the end consumer and therefore benefit from increased exposure and differentiation and therefore benefit from clustering through the Hotelling model. The areas within a city where this type of clustering occurs are normally very high traffic areas with lots of people. In terms of agglomeration economics I do not feel that a large anchor tenant is required, these businesses are generally not looking for attention they are just wanting to produce at a low cost. Where as in an area with clusters of consumer goods stores, an anchor tenant may be helpful. But I do not know if it would be necessary. If for instance a large store may not need to be in a cluster, they might attract enough attention by themselves and people will travel, where as if you a minor store then you probably would need to be a cluster to attract business to your store.

GCSE English Coursework Gothic Prose Stokers Dracula versus Shelleys

Perhaps one of the most dramatic genres of literature, the gothic genre, already set in unpredictable and unsettling times of revolution ingeniously set the stage for such horror stories as were never before seen by modern society. Artists like Bram Stoker, who was bedridden until the age of seven, and Mary Shelley, whose mother died giving birth flourished, and produced literary pieces that, in the midst of revolution, started their own revolution. Bram Stoker, born in 1847, was a sickly child, and was bedridden until the age of seven. Naturally, due to his being bedridden for such a long period of time, Stoker developed a sense of drama and literature at a young age, and wrote stories all through his life. However, as if to make up for his childhood, Stoker became a superior athlete, and after university, he went on to work in civil service. During his civil work, Stoker continued to write, and his first story, â€Å"The Crystal Cup†, was published in 1872. One of Stoker’s many short stories, â€Å"Dracula’s Guest†, is an example of the gothic brilliance that Stoker brought to dark times. Stoker used the elements of fiction perceptively to his advantage, and created a gothic masterpiece. Stoker’s protagonist, an innocent and adventurous Englishman, is spending â€Å"Walpurgis Night† (the mythical night of the devil) in Germany. Interestingly, all is not as it seems, as the first dialogue from the protagonist is the imploring question, â€Å"Tell me Johann, what is tonight?†, implying that the adventurous Englishman is more ignorant than innocent and foreshadowing his later vulnerability. In addition, the weather and development of increasingly suspicious landmarks become gradually more threatening throughout the story. Stoker uses setting i... ...and so are human, which shows the reader the inhumanity of the protagonist. This creates horror, because human readers can no longer relate to the protagonist, and he becomes increasingly more inhuman to the reader. Both Stoker and Shelley use setting, character and plot in their stories for the development of horror and suspense. While Stoker’s story is more physically frightening in its nature, following a terrified, ignorant protagonist on his journey through a city of the damned, Shelley’s story is equally as horrific as it traces the metamorphosis of a human being into an inhuman immortal who is caught in eternal life. Both authors use dramatic irony and an increasing threat to the protagonist to develop horror and suspense in their stories, and although the two stories use different techniques, both authors succeed in creating unfailingly gothic prose.

Biography of Michelangelo Essay example -- Michelangelo Artists Painte

Biography of Michelangelo The second of five brothers, Michelangelo was born on March 6, 1475, at Caprese, in Tuscany, to Ludovico di Leonardo di Buonarotto Simoni and Francesca Neri. The same day, his father noted down: "Today March 6, 1475, a child of the male sex has been born to me and I have named him Michelangelo. He was born on Monday between 4 and 5 in the morning, at Caprese, where I am the Podestà  ." Although born in the small village of Caprese, Michelangelo always considered himself a "son of Florence," as did his father, "a Citizen of Florence." His Childhood and Youth Buonarroti's mother, Francesca Neri, was too sick and frail to nurse Michelangelo, so he was placed with a wet nurse, in a family of stone cutters, where he, "sucked in the craft of hammer and chisel with my foster mother's milk. When I told my father that I wish to be an artist, he flew into a rage, 'artists are laborers, no better than shoemakers." Buonarroti's mother died young, when the child was only six years old. But even before then, Michelangelo's childhood had been grim and lacking in affection, and he was always to retain a taciturn disposition. Touchy and quick to respond with fierce words, he tended to keep to himself, out of shyness according to some but also, according to others, a lack of trust in his fellows. His father soon recognized the boy's intelligence and "anxious for him to learn his letters, sent him to the school of a master, Francesco Galeota from Urbino, who in that time taught grammar." While he studied the principles of Latin, Michelangelo made friends with a student, Francesco Granacci six years older than him, who was learning the art of painting in Ghirlandaio's studio and who encouraged Michelangelo to follow his own artistic vocation. Early Life in Florence. Michelangelo's father, now a minor Florentine official with connections to the ruling Medici family, placed his 13-year-old son in the workshop of the painter Domenico Ghirlandaio. After about one year, Michelangelo went on to study at the sculpture school in the Medici gardens and shortly thereafter was invited into the household of Lorenzo de' Medici *http://www.thais.it/scultura/sch00073.htm*, the Magnificent. There he had an opportunity to converse with the younger Medici, two of whom later became popes (Leo X and Clement VII). He also became acquainted with such humanis... ...e." Michelangelo's Achievements During his long lifetime, Michelangelo was an intimate of princes and popes, from Lorenzo de' Medici to Leo X, Clement VIII, and Pius III (1439-1503), as well as cardinals, painters, and poets. Neither easy to get along with nor easy to understand, he expressed his view of himself and the world even more directly in his poetry *http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/mazzoni/exhibit/treasures/B56.html* than in the other arts. Much of his verse deals with art and the hardships he underwent, or with Neoplatonic philosophy and personal relationships. The great Renaissance poet Ludovico Ariosto wrote succinctly of this famous artist: "Michelangelo was widely awarded the epithet 'divine' because of his extraordinary accomplishments". Two generations of Italian painters and sculptors were impressed by his treatment of the human figure: Raphael, Annabale Carracci, Pontormo, Rosso Fiorention, Sebastiano del Piombo, and Titian. His dome for St. Peter's became the symbol of authority, as well as the m odel, for domes all over the Western world; the majority of state capitol buildings in the U.S., as well as the Capitol in Washington, D.C., are derived from it.

Anthropocentrism

Anthropocentrism is the position that human beings are the central or most significant species on the planet, or the assessment of reality through an exclusively human perspective. The term can be used interchangeably with humanocentrism, while the first concept can also be referred to as human supremacy. Anthropocentrism is a major concept in the field of environmental ethics and environmental philosophy, where it is often considered to be the root cause of problems created by human interaction with the environment; however, it is profoundly embedded in many modern human cultures and conscious acts.Anthropocentrism, also known as homocentricism, has been posited by some environmentalists, in such books as Confessions of an Eco-Warrior by Dave Foreman and Green Rage by Christopher Manes, as the underlying (if unstated) reason why humanity dominates and sees the need to â€Å"develop† most of the Earth. Anthropocentrism is believed by some to be the central problematic concept in environmental philosophy, where it is used to draw attention to a systematic bias in traditional Western attitudes to the non-human world. 3] Val Plumwood has argued[4][5] that anthropocentrism plays an analogous role in green theory to androcentrism in feminist theory and ethnocentrism in anti-racist theory. Plumwood calls human-centredness â€Å"anthrocentrism† to emphasise this parallel. One of the first extended philosophical essays addressing environmental ethics, John Passmore's Man's Responsibility for Nature has been criticised by defenders of deep ecology because of its anthropocentrism, often claimed to be constitutive of traditional Western moral thought.Defenders of anthropocentrist views point out that maintenance of a healthy, sustainable environment is necessary for human well-being as opposed for its own sake. The problem with a â€Å"shallow† viewpoint is not that it is human-centred but that according to William Grey: â€Å"What's wrong with shall ow views is not their concern about the well-being of humans, but that they do not really consider enough in what that well-being consists.According to this view, we need to develop an enriched, fortified anthropocentric notion of human interest to replace the dominant short-term, sectional and self-regarding conception. â€Å"In turn, Plumwood in Environmental Culture: The Ecological Crisis of Reason comprehensively debunked Grey's anthropocentrism as inadequate.

Sexual Health Information In Education Health And Social Care Essay

To discourse the modern-day positions in public wellness issues, like sexual wellness, by looking the argument sing the McKeown thesis from a critical angle, To critically analyze the â€Å" National scheme for sexual wellness and HIV † paper, which was published in 2001, by the Department of Health of the UK authorities, To measure the study of the â€Å" National scheme of sexual wellness and HIV programme † in the United Kingdom.Sexual wellness and public wellnessHarmonizing to â€Å" Choosing Health † , the national wellness scheme of the UK, â€Å" wellness and instruction go hand-in-hand † ( p.55 ) and I could non hold more. The term â€Å" sexual wellness † refers to a formatted, based on cognition, attitude and personal belief about sex, sexual individuality and sexual relationships. If the individual achieves this, he/she will be able to do picks that will be safe for his/her wellness. In add-on, instruction ‘s intent is to do the pupils become witting of their accomplishments, involvements and demands and to supply them with all the indispensable cognition that will fix them and assist them throughout the class of their lives. It is noted in the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of the Child that sex instruction is a right to immature people. Sexual a ctivity instruction is the chief manner kids and immature people learn to protect themselves from maltreatment, unplanned and unwanted gestations, sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS. â€Å" Sexually familial infections, by their nature, affect persons, who are portion of partnerships and larger sexual webs, and in bend populations † ( Low N. , Broutet N. , Adu-Sarkodie Y. , Barton P. , Hossain M. , Hawkes S. , 2006, page 1 ) . Sexual wellness, as a public wellness issue, is still considered a tabu by a big proportion of the populace and it ‘s my personal belief that some faiths struggle to keep this position. It is besides thought to be one of the chief sectors in wellness, where inequalities thrive. Bettering sexual wellness is presently being given considerable accent in authorities policy ( Thurston M. , Alexander D. , 2006 ) . It hence becomes apparent that sexual wellness is a really important issue in public wellness and its handling demands careful consideration and forceful cognition. The lessons from past errors and public wellness history are of great significance.The McKeown thesis and modern-day public wellnessOne of the most problematic topics for public wellness practicians, epidemiologists and human ecology experts is the McKeown thesis. The doctor and demographic historian Thomas McKeown published, in 1955, an article discoursing the evidences of population augmentation in eighteenth century. That article is considered a landmark for public wellness practicians and research workers. Though his purpose was to deflate the claims made by the advocates of curative medical specialty ( Harris, 2002 ) , McKeown ‘s work gave rise to a twine of arguments and farther research in a broad scope of topics comparative to public wellness. Additionally, by exhaustively analysing the existent grounds that cause mortality rates to worsen, we can analyze closely what causes populations to turn either healthy or ailing. Consequently, decisions can be drawn sing modern-day wellness policies, concerns and precedences. In his research, McKeown observed assorted facets which referred to the population growing and concluded that dramatic decreases in mortality over the past 2 centuries were due to improved socioeconomic conditions instead than to medical or public wellness intercessions. He pointed out significantly the upgrading of nutrition, as a factor of great importance for the diminution of mortality. The controversial thesis drew attending from the scientific community chiefly for negative belittling. The chief unfavorable judgments of McKeown ‘s thesis are expressed by those who believe that a great part of his decisions were biased. He is considered to hold ignored a serious figure of factors, like alterations in the virulency of infective beings, betterments in personal and domestic hygiene, medical intercession and the good effects of the healthful revolution of the 2nd half of the nineteenth century ( Harris, 2002 ) . McKeown ‘s thesis is besides believed to be oppugning the effectivity of inoculation and quarantine ( Colgrove J, 2002 ) . Alternatively, he overplayed the betterment in overall criterions of life, giving peculiar accent on diet and nutritionary position, as a consequence of improved economic conditions ( Colgrove J, 2002 ) . In her commentary on the McKeown argument, Emily Grundy ( 2004 ) profiles in a point description the grounds that the thesis received this unfavorable judgment. These five points can be summed up to the followers: backward extrapolation, overemphasis on the function of TB and therefore exaggerating the function of switching life criterions and nutrition, unrecognised medical intercessions, ambiguity sing the preciseness of the increasing criterions of life in the 18th-19th century and the association between nutrition and hazard of decease from the prevalent infective diseases and in the terminal self-partiality on the function of medical specialty and the best deployment of resources in McKeown ‘s clip ( Grundy, 2004 ) . In add-on to this sentiment, Szreter ( 2002 ) criticizes McKeown for non stressing the societal doctrine and practical political relations as a portion of the public wellness motion in the nineteenth century. Szreter besides sits opposite McKeown ‘s thesis that public wellness is non placed in a societal intercession context. Szreter ‘s thesis besides suggests that McKeown had about casual and surely biased sentiments, which resulted in the practical dismantling of the public wellness sector the last 2 decennaries of the twentieth century. Furthermore, he suggests that McKeown â€Å" had allowed his a priori premises about the limited value of medical intercession and the demand for societal reform to predetermine his analytic classs, therefore biasing his reading of grounds † ( Colgrove, 2002, page 728 ) . As the McKeown thesis was under fire for its unidimensional attack, a worthy figure of following researches gave a holistic attack on what affected life anticipation in Britain since the eighteenth century as reported in Harris ‘ research ( 2002 ) . The consequences were of great importance and value for the public wellness community. The inoculation and vaccination led to crisp decrease in the incidence of smallpox mortality, as suggested by Razzell and Mercer ( cited in Harris B. , 2002 ) . Besides, harmonizing to Dobson ‘s research ( cited in Harris B. , 2002 ) the draining of fens in Essex, Kent and Sussex helped the decline of malaria deceases. Furthermore, Jones and Falkus and Porter and Landers ( cited in Harris B. , 2002 ) pointed out a scope of ecological sweetenings in southern England and in London. Additionally, Daunton ‘s research proposal ( cited in Harris B. , 2002 ) was that the debut of wallpaper and linoleum in propertyless places was a positive interpolation on the decrease of TB. Furthermore, Cronje ( cited in Harris B. , 2002 ) suggested there was important indicant that the betterment of lodging ( new edifices, decrease of inordinate overcrowding, increased authorities ordinance ) resulted in better sanitation and H2O supply. As sanely Harris ( 2002 ) points out, all the above mentioned factors should be included along with nutrition, which needs to be regarded as one of a battery of factors, frequently interacting, which played a cardinal function in Britain ‘s mortality passage. Harris ‘ poised and composed sentiment meets my ideas on the topic. Nutrition is one of the factors, non the chief, non the least, but one of them surely. Furthermore, as Grundy E. , 2004, points out McKeown ‘s overemphasis on the function of TB is misdirecting. Contemporary public wellness has to confront a series of challenges, all of them important sing the population ‘s wellness, globally and locally. One of these challenges is sexually familial diseases, including HIV/AIDS. Unfortunately, sexually transmitted diseases have come to be really common worldwide and statistics are let downing. Chlamydia is diagnosed in younger ages than a few old ages ago and HIV can infect immature people at an increased rate ( Health Canada, Laboratory Centre for Disease Control, 1999, p.1 ) . At a conference in London in 2008, as Helen MacDonald studies for BMJ, Gareth Thomas ( Development curate of the UK ) said that â€Å" the world is that the spread of HIV is set to gyrate o ut of control unless we act now. Five people are infected with HIV every minute † . Furthermore, Khumalo Nonkosi ( South African AIDS militant and president of the Treatment Action Campaign ) noted that certain societal factors discourage people utilizing preventative methods in sexual intercourse and that where literacy and instruction are in low degrees, the apprehension of HIV, safe sex pattern and behavioral alterations towards sexual wellness are hard ( MacDonald H. , 2008 ) . Sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS, as a public wellness issue, concerns developed and developing states, all age groups, all races, both genders. Unfortunately, some sexually transmitted diseases can take to tragic consequences, for illustration chlamydia can do sterility if left untreated, and HIV/AIDS remains to day of the month a chronic unwellness, taking 1000000s to decease and no intervention has been found yet. Having said these, taking into consideration the lessons derived from McKeown ‘s argument, I strongly believe that if a public wellness practician focuses on the job of sexually transmitted diseases demands to look at the topic spherically. It is indispensable to avoid opinionated, prejudiced and hence biased methods and positions on the topic. In modern-day public wellness the McKeown ‘s argument can be utile as an illustration to avoid whilst carry oning a research. Being as less biased as possible surely gets valuable accurate consequences, which can be utilized in the development of a strategic program or a run and sets the research safely off from narrow minded patterns. At the same clip, being able to analyze a public wellness issue with a clear position can offer simple and effectual solutions and it can besides play a critical function in the public wellness experts ‘ prioritisation. Furthermore, McKeown presented deceptively the improved life criterions as the ground of mortality diminution in the eighteenth century in the United Kingdom, giving a cause to other scientists to look into farther and conclude that human action was the chief overall ground for the alteration of the wellness position in the peculiar period. I consider this to be one of the most of import parts of the McKeown argument, for the ground that it can be used in modern-day public wellness issues as a taking principle. If human action and engagement is absent, sing sexually transmitted diseases, there is non much we can make to forestall and undertake this public wellness issue. The World Health Organisation published in 2008 its concluding study on societal determiners of wellness. The study includes a chart ( see below, chart 1 ) that identifies the factors that contribute in a individual ‘s wellness province. Some of the factors reported in the chart are instruction, unemployment, s ingle life style factors, cultural and environmental conditions. It can be clearly observed that human action and engagement are identified as factors which determine the individual ‘s wellness. Chart 1: Social determiners of wellness ( W.H.O. , 2008 ) As a concluding point, harmonizing to Simon Szreter ( 2002, page 722 ) â€Å" the field of public wellness is a expansive societal intercession † . In my sentiment, this intercession can be expansive merely if it is non biased, societal if it is organized in the community for the community and intercession merely if it is based on true and earnest scientific discipline.â€Å" The National Strategy of sexual wellness and HIV programme †Having exhaustively examined McKeown ‘s thesis and the argument on it, I plan to measure the â€Å" National scheme of sexual wellness and HIV † programme, giving peculiar consideration on the facet of sexual wellness information and its publicity. The programme was published in July 2001 by the Department of Health in the United Kingdom. As it is declared in the paper â€Å" if the scheme succeeds it will hold contributed to cut downing wellness inequalities † ( page 4 ) .DescriptionThe â€Å" National Strategy of sex ual wellness and HIV programme † was the really first national scheme of England. It has been described as proposition of â€Å" a comprehensive and holistic theoretical account for covering with an increasing public wellness job † ( Adler W.M. , French P. , McNab A. , Smith C. , Wellsteed S. , 2002, page 83 ) . It is believed that England is confronting a sexual wellness crisis ( Power L. , 2004 ) . Harmonizing to the paper, England has one of the lowest rates of HIV in Western Europe. However, when this intercession was conducted ( 2001 ) , the prevalence was lifting quickly, about duplicating its rate. The figures taken from the Health Protection Agency show that in 2001, the informations sing work forces show that 3,123 new instances of HIV were diagnosed. In 2007 4,887 new instances were diagnosed. As for the AIDS patients, there was no important difference between the two figures. Harmonizing to the statistics, in the period between 1999 and 2002, HIV rates ascended by about 20 % every twelvemonth. Furthermore, a 3rd of HIV-positive individuals were incognizant of their wellness status ( Power L. , 2004 ) . As Power L. , 2004, suggests â€Å" sexually familial infections are at their highest degrees since records began. The state has the worst sexual wellness in western Europe † ( page 108 ) . The intercession sets as a mark to cut down HIV infections by a one-fourth in six old ages. Clearly the mark was non achieved. The intercession relies a batch on the providing of information, instead than advancing wellness seeking behavior. Information about sexual wellness has undistinguished effectivity without integrating in instruction. Education is the lone manner to undertake inequalities, because it ‘s the lone manner for everyone to have all the necessities. Technology, for illustration, has greater handiness in higher societal categories. I believe that this is the chief defect of this intercession and I will lucubrate my sentiment below.Deductions of societal inequalityThe determiners of wellness and wellness inequalities are multifaceted and wellness attention can non sometimes command them. I will show a brief image of the state of affairs in the UK, taking to show via statistics and present informations the societal inequality which is a important job in the subdivision of sexual wellness. Deductions of societal inequality are clearly seeable in the statistics, since specific groups are at greater hazard. Statisticss suggest that there are important groups that are high hazard for HIV transmittal. African communities have been overly affected. A systematic spread of HIV and gonorrhea among the male homosexual community is besides observed ( Dodds P.J. , Nardone A. , Mercey E.D. , Johnson M.A. , 2000 ) . Injecting drug misusers hold a notable rate of infection. Additionally, Blanc AK. , 2001, suggests that adult females are in greater danger to be infected on history of power inequalities based on gender. As the World Health Organisation describes the state of affairs â€Å" a married adult female contracts HIV because social criterions promote her hubby ‘s promiscuousness while at the same time forestalling her from take a firm standing on rubber usage † ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/entity/gender/en ) . What ‘s more, â€Å" public and political attending on HIV has focused chiefly on the demonisation of peculiar groups, such as refuge searchers and other immigrant communities, and the usage of this stigmatised issue to fuel frights and biass about in-migration † ( Power L. , 2004, page 108 ) . In the survey of Simkhada, P. , new wave Teijlingen, E. , Yakubu, B. , Mandava, L. , Bhattacharya, S. , Eboh, W. , Pitchforth, E. , 2005, for the NHS of Scotland, there is strong grounds that intercessions aimed at bettering sexual wellness in immature people from BME communities have non been studied really good in the UK. It is besides noted that information based intercessions were less effectual than skill based programmes and that holding a theoretical footing seemed to lend positively to the intercession ‘s effectivity. Taking a expression at other states ‘ scheme, the USA can be a utile illustration, sing their policy to undertake deductions of societal inequality in sexual wellness publicity. Numerous runs are taking topographic point in the USA, in an effort to make all people, from all backgrounds and all life styles and raise consciousness and concern. The groups identified as marks are: Cheery African Americans, black churches and church members, African American young person and households, American Indians, Alaska natives, native Hawaiian communities, Asiatic and Pacific Islander communities, HIV negative homosexual work forces, HIV positive people, political leaders, Latinos and Latinos under 25, adult females, young person, cheery work forces, overseas telegram and telecommunications industry and general populace ( information obtained from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cdcnpin.org/scripts/campaign/index.asp ) . All these runs aim to specific groups, in add-on to the general pop ulace. This can guarantee that the message can make all people, no exclusions. This is a point that I believe the â€Å" National Strategy of sexual wellness and HIV programme † should hold taken into careful consideration. BBC reported that Professor Sir Michael Marmot, president of the Scientific Reference Group of Health Inequalities, in an interview on BBC Radio 4 ‘s Today programme in 2005 said that in order to cover with wellness inequalities efficaciously the authorities needs to concentrate on â€Å" the fortunes in which people live and work and the ways we raise our kids, the criterions of instruction † . BBC besides cited wellness inequalities expert, Professor Danny Dorling ‘s words, that the authorities â€Å" without undertaking wealth inequalities, which are widening, it is non traveling to be able to undertake wellness inequalities † . It is evident that intercessions which set as their mark to undertake wellness inequalities must concentrate closely in social facets, like instruction and socioeconomic position. These informations seem to be ignored from the policy in reappraisal, in malice of the mention on page 55 of â€Å" Choosing Health † .Theoretical and ideological justification of intercessionsSearching for a definition for â€Å" intercessions † on the cyberspace, I came across the definition that the NHS gives. It suggests that intercessions are types of activity that aid to cut down people ‘s hazard of developing a disease or status or aid to advance or keep a wellness life style. It is safe to state to that intercession can be an active step to cut down the prevalence of HIV, to advance sexual wellness wonts and to develop a wellness seeking behavior. The NHS web site gives illustrations of intercessions, such as the providing of advice, services and support. However, this is more likely a apparent definition. From a more political and ideological point of position, intercession is a planned scheme that has to function a set of ends, which is assessed in proportion to the political orientation followed by the authorities. Furthermore, on page 7 of the National scheme it is reported that England has low HIV prevalence rates, compared to some Western European states. This point is used as an alibi for the rise in freshly diagnosed infections and in the same paragraph it is noted that it is of great importance to move quickly via â€Å" wellness publicity, needle exchange strategies and other injury minimization enterprises, testing of blood and clinical intercessions, the handiness of open-access GUM clinics and careful surveillance and analysis of tendencies † ( page 7 ) . I agree with all these steps ; nevertheless I believe that instruction should besides be mentioned and included actively in any intercession and policy for sexual wellness. The NHS is clearly driven by a set of beliefs: free market economic sciences, competition as a mechanism for bettering quality and patient pick ( Gillies AC, 2003 ) . Given that these are the beliefs followed by the NHS, it is no admiration that the sexual wellness publicity relies, falsely in my sentiment, at a broad extent to personal pick. Gillies A.C. , ( 2003 ) gives a touchable position on the topic proposing that â€Å" the world of wellness attention is that it represents a monolithic figure of single interactions between people, that people respond to as persons. Whilst it may be necessary for determination shapers to look at things from the macro degree, losing sight of the micro degree will ensue in bad determinations † . An interesting thought of intercession can be found in Rose ( 1992 ) , who suggests that we are all responsible for all. When it comes to intercessions sing sexual wellness publicity, Low N. et Al, 2006, illustrate that intercessions in sexual wellness issues should hold the undermentioned degrees: The single degree ( the patient ‘s symptoms are managed with antibiotics and his/her spouse gets intervention every bit good ) The degree of partnership ( prenatal pox testing benefits the female parent and her babe ) The degree of populations ( inoculation of all adolescent misss against Human Papilloma Virus might halt them developing cervical malignant neoplastic disease, geting virus from, or conveying it to, a new sexual spouse and finally cut down transmittal of carcinogenic virus strains in the population ) Structural, legal and policy intercessions ( Torahs against favoritism, programmes taking to cut down gender-based inequalities, policies to better instruction ) . Low N. et Al, 2006, besides propose that â€Å" an intermediate degree of intercession that recognises the importance of mother-child or sexual partnerships, and therefore webs † ( page 3 ) should be regarded indispensable.Influence of different socio-political and economic contexts where the intercession operatesThe intercession sagely points out that it needs to better outreach services for people with undiagnosed HIV peculiarly in targeted groups. This is a step pointed directly to cut down wellness inequalities sing the entree of medical attention in specific groups. The intercession involves aggregate media via runs of enlightening character. As celebrated above, this is an elliptic point of the intercession, as the literature suggests that intercessions sing sexual wellness should be skill based. However, it is positively noted that the intercession ‘s run information are grounds based ( Yzer, 2000 ) . The intercession suggests the following groups as peculiarly vulnerable and/or in the demand of peculiar entree demands: immature people, and particularly those in, or go forthing attention ; black and minority cultural groups ; homosexual and bisexual work forces ; shooting drug misusers ; grownups and kids populating with HIV and other people affected by HIV ; sex workers ; and captives and people in young person piquing constitutions. It excludes people with disablements without supplying grounds to back up this determination. It besides targets adult females of certain civilizations as in demand to go cognizant of the dangers carried in female venereal mutilation. Inexplicably, the intercession does non mention to male Circumcision, though medical grounds support that it can be unsafe for the male ‘s wellness ( Men ‘s Health Forum ) . The scheme identifies as common barriers the stigma, favoritism, poorness and societal exclusion, linguistic communication, entree jobs, low consciousness and concerns about confidentiality. It does non place as a common barrier the deficiency of instruction and related accomplishments development. When discoursing and be aftering the publicity of sexual wellness it is critical to considerate the possible influence of different socio-political and economic contexts where the intercession operates. Sexual activity is a topic of delicate nature. Even nowadays it is considered as a tabu subject, even for treatment. What the intercession failed to look at was that sexual wellness and its publicity is non easy and it can non be done by supplying cusps to the people. School environment, spiritual beliefs and of class the parents are non even mentioned as a path of acquiring through the message to the kids and adolescents. The intercession merely relies on the each-time judgement of every school to supply the manner and the sum of information it considers appropriate to the pupils. In add-on to that, people with experience on sexually transmitted diseases and HIV are non brought in to give their positions and personal narratives and the intercession does non give the indispensable gui delines and the critical information that pupils must acquire. Even so, information is non by itself Panacea. Children and adolescents must develop accomplishments and wonts towards wellness seeking behavior. Several surveies support this enterprise. Health publicity messages can be more successfully communicated and understood by the mark audience â€Å" when representatives of the affected groups are actively involved in run design and airing ( Pickett J. , Lesondak L. , Gratzer B. , Anderson L.L. , 2006 ) . Peer-education programmes besides proved to be effectual, chiefly because immature people officially began to learn their equals how to utilize linguistic communication and accomplishments associated with the discourse on hazardous sexual behavior ( Shoveller A.J. , Johnson J.L. , 2006 ) . Furthermore the intervention of patients at their first visit can be helpful in avoiding loss to follow-up and it can show a alone chance for â€Å" instruction, advice on sexual behavior, publicity or proviso of rubbers, and spouse presentment † ( Low N. , Broutet N. , Adu-Sarkodie Y. , Barton P. , Hossain M. , Hawkes S. , 2006, page 5 ) . Another survey showed that â€Å" educational attempts can hold a positive consequence on cut downing unsafe sexual and even drug usage patterns. This determination provides justification for larger school-based undertakings † ( Brown L.K. , Fritz G.K. , 1988, page 311 ) . The same survey besides suggests that â€Å" loosely based intercessions, in which the instruction is integrated into a assortment of state of affairss and repeated in multiple signifiers, are more likely to alter sexual behavior than brief, encapsulated presentations † and that â€Å" parental engagement with the AIDS course of study may increase its effectivity † ( ibid ) . The survey of Thomas P.R. , Davis J.S. , Du P. , Coles F.B. , 2006, investigated the perceptual experiences sing sexual wellness and its publicity of a big community sing high morbidity due to sexually familial diseases. The statement â€Å" at that place needs to be more unfastened treatment in our community about the hazards and job of sexually transmitted diseases † received the higher rate in importance degree. However, the perceptual experiences proposing that â€Å" most people know plenty about how to protect themselves against sexually transmitted diseases † and â€Å" merely individual single people need instruction about sexually transmitted diseases † received a high rate as good. 53 % of the participants expressed credence of sexual wellness publicity by the usage of hoardings, whilst 96 % believe that it is acceptable to back sexual wellness in high schools. The intercession fails to place another job ; that parents are disinclined for their kids to have information about sex and sexual wellness because of the domination of the stereotype that states â€Å" if you promote sexual wellness, you besides promote sex † . My personal sentiment is that the challenge the NHS had to face was to alter this stereotype into â€Å" advancing sexual wellness, promotes wellness † , but alternatively avoided any effectual return of extremist steps. Though the debut and presentation of the intercession appears effectual, but at the terminal of the twenty-four hours, alternatively of aiming the positive results on the population ‘s wellness position, it measures figures and statistics and merely marks Numberss. Consequently, one can state that the intercession has no frontward planning in head, but merely the tax write-off of the statistic figures, even temporarily.DecisionThe intercession is, in my personal sentiment and opinion, unaw are of indispensable foundations of wellness publicity and bar. It does non exhaustively analyze the tracts and the picks of an effectual intercession and merely follows already tested but already failed steps. In decision, Gillies AC. ( 2003 ) states that a good health care system would supply you with entree to care when you need it. A better system would forestall you from holding that demand if possible by maintaining you healthy. I believe that this should be the very foundation on which the NHS and the wellness systems as a whole must follow, particularly sing issues so complex and multifaceted as sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS.â€Å" The national scheme for sexual wellness and HIV † paperAt this portion of the undertaking I will show a critical analysis of â€Å" The national scheme for sexual wellness and HIV † paper, which was foremost published in 2001 by the Department of Health of the UK authorities. The reappraisal will be an appraising description of the paper, taking to place the strengths and failings of the paper and its effects on national and international, if existing, public wellness policies.Critical reappraisalAs stated in the preface of the paper, written by Yvette Cooper, England has one of the lowest rates of HIV in Western Europe. This is believed to be a consequence of a controlling direction of the HIV menace every bit shortly as it emerged, along with policies promoting and actuating contraceptive method, attending to GUM clinics and needle exchange. However, patients of HIV are increasing, and so are incidences of Sexually Transmitted Infections and unplanned gestations. To be more specific, the UK retains the highest adolescent birth rate in Western Europe. This paper, published in 2001, is the first of all time national scheme for sexual wellness and HIV in the whole of UK. These two facts ca n't be but correlated. The UK authorities decided to carry on a completed targeted scheme, nearing the topic spherically ( or at least seeking to make so ) about decennaries after the HIV, STIs and unplanned/teen gestations were an run-of-the-mill developed universe phenomenon, merely alerted by the lifting prevalence of STIs and HIV. Subsequently this scheme is certainly non preventative. As stated in the paper, the scheme aims to modernize sexual wellness and HIV services in the UK. The purposes of the scheme are summarized in five points and can be abstracted in two parts: the decrease and the betterment. The decrease of the transmitta l of HIV and STIs, the prevalence of undiagnosed HIV and STIs instances, the unintended gestation rates and eventually the stigma associated with HIV and STIs. The betterment concerns the wellness and societal attention for people populating with HIV. This follows to proposals related with the providing of information, effectual local bar, the development of managed webs for HIV and sexual wellness services and a figure of other targeted steps. Nonetheless, an attack on a public wellness affair based on marks is non ever an option, non an easy and non a wise one either. As Hunter and Fairfield ( 1997 ) point out sagely marks possess many possible booby traps which can confuse the unwary. Puting marks is comparatively easy but their execution may be well more hard, peculiarly if a naA?ve theoretical account of the policy procedure as rational and additive is adopted. Those responsible for puting marks need to give equal attending to the execution procedure and guarantee that the need ed accomplishments and resources are in topographic point to let the marks to stand a opportunity of success. A positive point of the paper is that it perceives sexual wellness as an of import portion of physical and mental wellness. This means that the scheme aims to follow a holistic attack on the affair, which is the lone manner to confront the jobs and deductions efficaciously and in long footings in the public wellness field and particularly the sexual wellness field. It besides ascertains that sexual wellness jobs have grown in recent old ages but fails to place the grounds for this. Harmonizing to Simkhada et Al. ( 2005 ) , the increasing prevalence of STIs is due to biological, societal and psychological factors, with the chief factor being the hapless wellness seeking behavior. It is ill-defined throughout the paper if the scheme has taken in head the lessons of the yesteryear. It is besides quoted in the paper that if the scheme succeeds it will hold contributed to cut downing wellness inequalities. Traveling through the proposals of the scheme, I could nail few steps that have straight way to the wellness inequalities, most of them general and unoriginal. The paper fails to stress on the demand to drop generic attacks. Information demand to be promoted in different ways, depending on the mark audience. In order to alter adolescent sexual life style and behaviour a multidisciplinary attack, utilizing policy authorizations, direct intercession, media, function modeling and societal support is indispensable. In add-on, â€Å" consistent, uninterrupted messages through multiple channels ( school, place, community and media ) and by multiple agents ( parents, equals, and wellness and instruction professionals ) need to be provided † ( Allensworth D.D. , Symons C.W. , 1989, page 59 ) . In add-on to that, the paper compares the UK with other Western Europe states that have similar jobs sing the sexual wellness issue in a manner that appears to be warranting the authorities actions. It merely refers to states with similar or worse statistics than England and remains soundless about other states that have managed to construct bar schemes. A good illustration of successful HIV bar plan is Germany ( Rosenbrock R, 2007 ) . When it comes to the designation of the inequalities in sexual wellness, the paper points out that adult females, cheery work forces, adolescents, immature grownups and black and minority groups are on the less favorable place. It ‘s a constructive portion of the paper that it states the obvious correlativity between sexual ailment wellness, poorness and societal exclusion and the fluctuation of the quality of the proviso of sexual wellness services ( including the scope and entree ) . The paper besides considers the hold in assignments in GUM clinics, the inaccessibility and obsolesces of information and the hard entree in rural countries as of import factors, which is of import and important, particularly when managing sexual wellness issues. It is appraisable the National Strategy for sexual wellness and HIV includes instruction as a chief participant in the modulating of a healthy sexual behavior. It besides refers to the intolerance of favoritism. I believe this to be one of the chief illustrations of the holistic attack the paper aims to follow. Another illustration for this is the engagement of the mass media, with the launch of major telecasting and newspaper advertisement runs, with a warning character about the dangers of sexually transmitted diseases and unintended gestations. An of import observation about the paper is the mention in female Circumcision, which is normally executed for cultural-religious grounds. The paper faces this fact professionally, demoing concern and involvement in protecting all people and supplying equality in all civilizations, without being disrespectful. However, as cited by the Men ‘s Health Forum â€Å" the scheme fails to advert the issue of male Circumcision for non-medical grounds and the deficiency of grounds to demo that Circumcision in these fortunes in any manner benefits the wellness of work forces and male childs. [ .. ] The remotion of the prepuce is unneeded and unadvisable. This information should be provided in a manner that recognises spiritual and cultural esthesias refering this issue † ( page 10, paragraph 12.1 ) . Bearing in head that helplines are a utile tool in supplying information, the paper does non promote their publicity in countries with STD morbidity, as suggested by research ( Emma Freuda, Susan Perez, Kim Harrison, Elizabeth Swanson Hollinger, and Ana Hernandez, 2006 ) . A blurry point in the paper is the failure to acknowledge the diverseness within the homosexual community and the incompatibility of the homosexual community across the state. The paper succeeds in observing the interaction of gender and civilization within peculiar cultural groups, but fails to see that the group of white work forces is non homogeneous.Decisionâ€Å" The National Strategy for sexual wellness and HIV † paper is a by and large well-written policy, which at a first reading does non affect you, nor lets you down. However, traveling exhaustively through the paper it ‘s easy to nail many mistakes or deficits. When covering with such important issues sing public wellness, such as sexual wellness, a well-written policy is non a solution. There are many unequal and deficient points analyzed in the paper and other with much room for betterment. Though it is a recent paper at some points it appears out of day of the month, unaware of modern forms in sexual behavior. In my sentiment, the paper fails to propose effectual steps and relies on the single behavior, irrespective that it ‘s sing public wellness itself. It should besides g ive greater significance in the importance of instruction. As research suggests â€Å" instruction is an of import constituent in sexually familial diseases control in striplings. The end of instruction is to increase adolescent self-efficiency in practising STD bar and risk-reduction. A comprehensive attack including quality, theory-based instruction, accessible and effectual wellness clinics, and improved societal and economic conditions has the most promise of commanding STDs in striplings † ( Yarber W.L. , Parrillo A.V. , 1992, page 331 ) .Shutting remarksLooking back on the work produced for this assignment, of import decisions can be drawn from a personal point of position and a series of of import lessons can be noted from the scientist ‘s point of position. I will seek to exemplify these via an overall reappraisal of the faculty, its larning results and the part of the assignment. Discoursing the McKeown argument, as portion of this undertaking, was a first measure in larning to analyse critically constructs and thoughts sing public wellness issues and acquiring familiar with the composing look of this analysis. It was besides an first-class illustration on how being biased can ensue in inaccurate and useless consequences and programmes, every bit good as how easy can a questionable research cause biased critic. It besides contributed on the larning results of the faculty. This is because by taking a critical position on current public issues, like AIDS for illustration, in the visible radiation of the historical position helped the elevation of consciousness sing the many factors a public wellness practician should ever see. The faculty, through analysing modern-day informations and discoursing exhaustively and extensively current issues about wellness policies and patterns, like for illustration the â€Å" Choosing Health † paper, set me into a batch of believing on the importance of public wellness in important current issues which are related with the wellbeing of the population and even of the humanity as a sum. Learning to critically analyse intercessions and their results is a really of import tool for a public wellness practician, and I consider that I have gained important cognition from the faculty and the undertaking for this topic. Bing able to really look between the lines, acknowledging the exaggeration frequently found in documents and chair objectively is a virtuousness for a public wellness practician. In add-on to that, holding to critically reexamine an intercession was a really utile experience I might state, because it gave me the opportunity to methodically read and analyse sentiments and informations and to organize my ain sentiment by reading the responses, some negative, some positive, sing the intercession I examined. As one of the expected acquisition results, I consider that the synthesis of grounds from public wellness policy intercessions was achieved by the 2nd portion of the assignment. The 2nd portion of this larning result has to make with developing our ain alternate policy by giving greater significance to the tackle of inequalities in wellness. This was besides documented, with the 2nd portion of the assignment and with critical conversations in the schoolroom sing wellness inequalities and the importance of extinguishing them. It is besides of great significance that I was given the opportunity to organize the manner that socioeconomic, political and environmen tal factors are related with public wellness and the manner that at specific state of affairss this relation could besides propose a correlativity. Another of import larning result of the faculty and the assignment procedure was that I became witting about public wellness policies and patterns on a wider degree than I was. Comparing informations on a national and international degree can turn out to be a really utile tool for every public wellness practician. For illustration, comparing the information of a state with high prevalence of chlamydia, with the informations of a state with low prevalence of chlamydia can take to hypotheses and farther researches and scientific inquiries can be formulated. For my undertaking I studied exhaustively sexual wellness issues, as I believe it is a public wellness country of great importance, because it is met in national and international degree, in developed and developing states, in personal and planetary involvement. Working on the undertaking has besides given me strong grounds and led me to the realisation that mass media carry a prima function presents and should be carefully taken into consideration when practicing and advancing public wellness. This point has besides derived from the faculty, and it was really one of the constructs that stood out for me. Merely by taking a expression around you realise that there are wellness advancing runs about everyplace. However, non all of them acquire attending, some of them fail echoing to acquire through to their mark group and some of them acquire attending for all the incorrect grounds. The usage of mass media must be done in a productive and effectual manner, utilizing original and in-depth thoughts with updated positions on the affair. This construct is a great lesson for my hereafter pattern. As for my hereafter pattern specifically, since my first grade was psychological science, I plan to unite public wellness with psychological science. The faculty and the assignment provided me information and cognition on how these two Fieldss can be combined. For illustration, if there is a demand for public wellness intercession sing a state of affairs that affects kids, psychological science can propose how to manage the state of affairs, but merely with the aid of public wellness the state of affairs will be resolved or limited. Traveling through the survey required for the appraisal of the assignment, I developed a sense of scientific position on informations and research. It has besides helped me simplify the processs of seeking, happening, analysing and interpret informations, every bit good as placing them as relevant or irrelevant to my survey frame.