All About Hogs and Pigs

Hogs and pigs (Suidae), also known as suids, are a group of mammals that includes domestic pigs, babirusas, pigs, warthogs, forest hogs, red river pigs, and bushpigs. There are sixteen species of hogs and pigs alive today. Hogs and pigs are stout, medium-sized mammals that have a stocky torso, an elongated  head,  short legs, and small pointed ears. Their eyes are often small and positioned high on the skull. Hogs and pigs have a distinct snout, the tip of which consists of a round cartilaginous disc (called nasal disc) with their nostrils on the end. The nasal disc is attached to muscles that enable pig to move their nose with precision as they sniff their way along the ground foraging for food. Hogs and pigs have an acute sense of smell and a well-developed sense of hearing. Hogs and pigs have four toes on each foot and are therefore classified among the even-toed hoofed mammals. Hogs and pigs walk on their middle two toes and their outside two toes are placed higher on their leg and do not come into contact with the ground when they walk. Hogs and pigs range in size from the pygmy hog (Porcula salvania)—a critically endangered pig that when full grown measures less than 12 inches tall and weighs less than 25 pounds—to the giant forest hog (Hylochoerus meinertzhageni)—a bulky suid that grows to more than 3.5 feet tall at the shoulder and weighs in at an impressive 350 pounds or more.  Adult female hogs and pigs and juveniles form groups known as sounders. Adult males either remain solitary or form small bachelor groups. Pigs are not usually territorial and exhibit aggression between individuals during the mating season. Hogs and pigs once inhabited a native range that extended across Europe, Asia, and Africa. Humans introduced domesticated pigs, derived from the species Sus scrofa, to areas throughout the world including North America, New Zealand, and New Guinea. Fossil hogs and pigs occur in the Oligocene in Europe and Asia and in the Miocene of Africa. Diet The diet of hogs and pigs varies among the different species. Many  hogs and pigs  are omnivores but some are herbivores. In general, the diet of  hogs and pigs  includes: Plant material such as grass, leaves, and rootsInvertebrates such as insects and wormsSmall vertebrates such as frogs and mice Classification Hogs and pigs are classified within the following taxonomic hierarchy: Animals Chordates Vertebrates Tetrapods Amniotes Mammals Even-toed hoofed mammals Hogs and pigs Hogs and pigs are divided into the following taxonomic groups: Babirusa (Babyrousa) - There are four species of babirusa alive today. Members of this group include the  golden babirusa,  Sulawesi babirusa, Togian babirusa, and  Bola Batu  babirusa. Babirusa  are noted for the long upper canine teeth that, in males, curve back over their face.Warthogs (Phacochoerus) - There are two species of warthogs alive today, the desert warthog and the common warthog. Warthogs inhabit the dry grasslands and scrublands of sub-Saharan Africa.Forest hogs (Hylochoerus) - There is one species of forest hog alive today, the giant forest hog,  Hylochoerus meinertzhageni. The giant forest hog is considered to be the largest wild member of the Suidae. The giant forest hog inhabits woodland habitats in central Africa.Bushpigs and red river hogs (Potamochoerus) - Only two living species belong to this group, the bushpig (Potamochoerus larvatus) and the red river hog (Potamochoerus porcus). Both species inhabit sub-Saharan Africa.Domestic and wild pigs (Sus) - There are six species of pigs alive today. Members of this group include domestic pigs and wild boar (Sus scrofa), Visayan warty pigs (Sus cebifrons), and Philippine warty pigs (Sus philippensis). References Hickman C, Roberts L, Keen S.  Animal Diversity. 6th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2012. 479 p.Hickman C, Roberts L, Keen S, Larson A, lAnson H, Eisenhour D.  Integrated Principles of Zoology  14th ed. Boston MA: McGraw-Hill; 2006. 910 p.

Essay on The Benefits of Uniform Adoption in Public Schools

Ever wonder what it would look like to have all students wearing the same white polo shirt, black pants, and a district sweater walking in the hallway? Nowadays, public school and many districts are discussing the possibilities of enforcing the uniform policy. In most places, many private schools already require students to have their mandatory uniforms; however, there are only a few public schools adopting this mandatory school-uniform polices as one of their enrollment requirements. The reason why not all public schools participated was because people believe that they are violating the freedom of choice when enforcing this mandatory uniform policy; yet problems such as bullying and segregation, emerged in these schools. Some people†¦show more content†¦Apparently, they came to school unprepared. Referring to the article â€Å"What the United Kingdom Can Teach the United States about School Uniforms†, Angela Walmsley accentuates that â€Å" When issues surrounding the dress code are diminished, there is more time for student learning†(Walmsley 66). Young adolescents get distracted easily compared with the mature adults. Fancy goods always attract people by their fantastic look and bring them to the fashion side. Consequently, students would pay more of their attention to the latest fashion instead of their school work. Then the school work will not be done on time because majority of their time is spent on the fashion. Without paying attention and making great efforts, school work can only be abandoned eventually. However, like Walmsley emphasized, when public schools require their students to wear the mandatory uniform, students will not have any struggle about choosing what clothes to wear today and tomorrow. In other words, students will have more time spending on school work. Another point is that the purpose of students going to school is gaining knowledge and preparing for their future. Students learn how to dress formally as a st udent in school. The adoption of this district uniform could help them to prepare the way professionals dressed. The next advantage of public school uniforms can be identified as theShow MoreRelatedOver The Past Years, Most Public School Administrators1385 Words   |  6 PagesOver the past years, most public school administrators have been engaged in the heated debate over whether public school students should put on school uniforms or not. This important argument has drawn the attention of both liberal thinkers and conservatives. From one far end, a section of the society feels that public school students school have the freedom to put on their clothing of choice while the other section feels that there should be uniformity in the public-school attire. Based on such contradictingRead MoreSchool Uniforms Persuasive Essay1470 Words   |  6 PagesThe Benefits of Uniform Adoption in Public Schools Ever wonder what it would look like to have all students wearing the same white polo shirt, black pants, and a district sweater walking in the hallway? Nowadays, public school and many districts are discussing the possibilities of enforcing the uniform policy. In most places, many private schools already require students to have their mandatory uniforms; however, there are only a few public schools adopting this mandatory school-uniformRead MoreShould School Uniforms Be Banned?1667 Words   |  7 Pagestold me when I was little, â€Å"Schools should be schools, not fashion shows.† The debate as to whether there should be uniforms at school only began in the 20th century. In 1994, Long Beach California School District integrated school uniforms for all elementary and middle school students, in order to address safety issues challenging the district. According to the school district data, within one year of the implementation of uniforms, crime rates dropped by 91% , school suspensions dropped by 90%,Read MorePersuasive Essay On School Uniforms1671 Words   |  7 Pages Hari Mainali South University School Uniform â€Æ' Abstract Freedom of dress is violated by restricting on school uniform. A school and university have their own dress code which does not require a particular dress. Some researcher and scholar suggest misbehavior in the student are the result of banning uniform. But misbehavior is what they acquired in their life. Banning uniform, student can exercise their right to express themselves freely. Student will be able to focus on education and saveRead MoreSchool Uniform Policies Within School Systems Essay1474 Words   |  6 Pagesdebate over the implementation of school uniform policies in school systems has been seen widely across the United States The decision of uniforms being implanted in school systems is based off the state or the individual schools policy. The school either can make uniforms mandatory or voluntary. Schools have policies that convey the expectation of acceptable appearance, such as going to school in a properly dressed manner. In 1996 the percent of schools that had uni forms was 3%. As a result of this lowRead MoreDebate on School Uniforms1191 Words   |  5 PagesHowever, most public schools are turning to something more casual and more acceptable to parents and students: khakis or jeans and knit shirts of varying colors. The latter appear to be more affordable too because they can be used outside of school. Many school districts that have implemented school uniforms have provided some sort of financial assistance for families that can not afford the extra expense. 2. Potential Benefits of School Uniforms • Decreasing violence and theft because of clothingRead More Opposing School Uniforms Essay examples1684 Words   |  7 PagesSchool Uniforms In 1993, Will Rogers Middle School in California’s Long Beach County School District began discussing the idea of a school-wide uniform policy. That fall, Will Rogers became the first school in Long Beach County to have a mandatory uniform policy. Other schools in the district soon followed drawing national attention, including a personal visit from then President Clinton. Recent memories of school shootings around the nation caused President Clinton to urge other school districtsRead MoreSchool Uniforms1566 Words   |  7 Pagesfor School Uniforms A safe and structured learning environment is the first requirement of a good school. Children who feel safe and secure will better learn basic American values. In return they will learn the basis of good citizenship and become better students. In response to growing levels of violence in our schools, many parents, teachers, and school officials have been forced to look toward school uniforms as one potentially positive way to reduce discipline problems and increase school safetyRead MoreArgument Against School Uniforms Should Not Be Banned1556 Words   |  7 PagesArgument Against School Uniforms My disagreement against school dress code is that public schools should not make the student go to school uniforms. Students should be able to wear any appropriate clothing they want to wear. School uniforms are not the way to be unsuccessful in education. School uniforms are a waste of time to have in a public school system. Teachers should make the students go home and change into school appropriate clothes. Public schools should give students a chance on what theyRead MoreThe Convergence of Two Accounting Systems and the International Financial Reporting Standards1318 Words   |  5 Pagesreceivable, changes in estimates and extraordinary items, inventory accounts, schools, businesses, retraining of CPA and the list goes on. If IFRS takes place and is fully embedded as our primary standard of accounting, what would be the long-long term effect of convergence? Since, IFRS only applies mostly on publicly held companies. How it affects the accounting principles and standards for non-public held companies? How will public and private companies reconcile their books? Since, IFRS has no clear

JITTERS COFFE RESTAURANT Essay Example For Students

JITTERS COFFE RESTAURANT Essay Jitters gourmet coffee has been around since 1972. The founders of the caf originated from Nevada, where the first Jitters was born. People in Las Vegas have been enjoying Jitters coffee for years. The franchise in Tempe wasnt built until the 80s. But the history that is really interesting is the social history of the Jitters at Arizona State University located on University and College Street. Many people waltz in and out of Jitters everyday, you may even be one of these people who on route to class make a quick stop into the sandy brick building. But as you exit the building did you notice the small crack at the base of the wall. Where an upset employee threw a tray of mugs? Most likely not, This is one of the many stories that have been shared with me by employees of Jitters, regular customers of Jitters, and people who have never stepped foot into the caf at all. With a restaurant that has been around as long as Jitters has you are bound to have some good tales to tell. One begins with an innocent looking collegiate sophomore strolling into the caf. As he strutted into the caf with ill intentions he assessed the local talent residing within the edifice. He couldnt help but want to sit next to the only dark haired woman sipping on a java in the corner. The attack was on, recognizing the book she was reading he approached her with a nonchalant question. Are you studying for the math test this week? He knew she was, and her answer as expected was, yes. It was all down hill from here. Playing the innocent schoolboy, he skillfully manipulated past her hesitant demeanor, and convinced her into studying with him that night at the cafe. He met her at Jitters as planned and the night turned into a great study session. Which he planned, as he did not want to seem overly aggressive or desperate. As the night winded down so did her guard, he asked her if she would like something to drink. She was very receptive to his proposal. He chose a nice expresso with a shot of amarettto. He could tell that after studying with her for the whole night she was trusting to his open conversation with her. He asked her about her current dating status, which was single, the attack now sped towards a closing. Acting as if he was concerned with her safety, he asked her if she wanted him to walk her back to her dorm. At first she said, no, playing hard to get, but he rolled with it. And told her he had to walk that way anyway. At least his foot was still in the door. His last chance resided in the goodbye at the dorm room door. As they neared the dorm he constantly reminded her of how smart she was and how she didnt have to worry about this math test being as intelligent as she was. When they reached her dorm and she whispered in his ear Would you like to come up and watch a movie? Steve celebrated silently and replied if thats alright with you of course it was and so he did and to this day Steve and Jessica are still together, and frequent Jitters caf as often as possible. For this happy couple Jitters is a great place to mingle and meet people. But then there is the other side of the spectrum. Where Jitters serves as a job. One employee, Chrissy, has a completely different perspective. She sees another side of Jitters. .ude8bd284166f00a292627f97ba2483e5 , .ude8bd284166f00a292627f97ba2483e5 .postImageUrl , .ude8bd284166f00a292627f97ba2483e5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ude8bd284166f00a292627f97ba2483e5 , .ude8bd284166f00a292627f97ba2483e5:hover , .ude8bd284166f00a292627f97ba2483e5:visited , .ude8bd284166f00a292627f97ba2483e5:active { border:0!important; } .ude8bd284166f00a292627f97ba2483e5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ude8bd284166f00a292627f97ba2483e5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ude8bd284166f00a292627f97ba2483e5:active , .ude8bd284166f00a292627f97ba2483e5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ude8bd284166f00a292627f97ba2483e5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ude8bd284166f00a292627f97ba2483e5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ude8bd284166f00a292627f97ba2483e5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ude8bd284166f00a292627f97ba2483e5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ude8bd284166f00a292627f97ba2483e5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ude8bd284166f00a292627f97ba2483e5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ude8bd284166f00a292627f97ba2483e5 .ude8bd284166f00a292627f97ba2483e5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ude8bd284166f00a292627f97ba2483e5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essay on Facebook And Its Effects On Facebook Essay She has been in the caf daily for the past 2 years now, and has seen a lot occur. Chrissys feet sway around the caf with the greatest of ease, which seems ironic when you follow her long skinny legs up to her head where her short spiky hair gives you an evil look. Nonetheless, she refills your glass of coffee with a smile and returns behind the counter to the lookout, as she likes to call it. Ive seen some weird things happen here man let me tell you exclaims Chrissy. One night we .

Past Consideration free essay sample

Consideration is also known as element of exchange. To be a contract, the transaction must be supported by consideration. According to general rule, s. 26 of CA state that an agreement made without consideration is void. We can define consideration as the price paid for benefit received or is an exchange of promises. It means that something with monetary value, voluntarily exchanged for an act, benefit, forbearance, interest, promise, right, or goods or services. For example, the promisee has to give something in return for the promise of the promisor in order to convert a bare promise made in his favour into a binding contract. According to Lord Dunedin in Dunlop v Selfridge (1915), consideration is â€Å"an act or forbearance of one party, or the promise thereof, is the price for which the promise of the other is bought, and the promise thus given for value is enforceable†. Thus, consideration may be viewed as a sort of bargain, or price which one party pays to buy the promise or act of the other. We will write a custom essay sample on Past Consideration or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When the promisor promises to do or to abstain from doing something, the promisee must pay a price for it. There are three types of consideration and one of the considerations is the past consideration. 1.2 Past Consideration Pass consideration is one type of the consideration. If one part voluntarily performs an act before the promise was made or the other party then makes a promise, the consideration for the promise is said to be in the past. For example, A finds and returns B’s digital camera and in gratitude, B promises to reward him with RM 200. B had made a promise here in return for A prior act which is return his digital camera. The return of the camera was an act in the past done independently of B’s promise and will be pass consideration. 2.0 Content 2.1 Past Consideration under Common Law There are two different views toward this past consideration. Under Common Law of England the general rule, the view of past consideration is that it  is not a good consideration and is not recognized by English Law. It is insufficient to support a contract. The past consideration is valid if something is done in the business context and it was understood that both parties that it would be paid off. We can refer to the examples cases of 2.1 (a) Re McArdle (1951) and 2.1 (b) Roscorla V Thomas (1842). 2.1 (a) Re McArdle (1951) After the death of the mother, five children inherited the house. Some home improvements had been paid by one of the daughters in law. Later, the other four of the children signed a document that they promised to pay her the money for the work done, in consideration of carrying out improvements to the property. However, the others then refused to pay to her and the Court of Appeal held that the promise was unenforceable because all the work that had done before the promise made was just a past consideration. 2.1 (b) Roscorla V Thomas (1842) Roscorla purchased a horse from Thomas. After Roscorla had purchased the horse, Thomas then promised that the horse was in a good condition and it is not vicious. However, Roscorla then just realized the horse was actually vicious. At last, the decision is that the promise of Thomas was not binding because the promise was made after the sale had been completed and the buyer had given nothing in return for it. It was a past consideration, so the buyer could not rely on the prior sale to support the new promise. This is the two cases which can support that the past consideration is not a good consideration in the English Law. 2.1.1 Exceptions However, not all the past consideration is not a good consideration under the English Law, but still, there are also exceptions that past consideration is a good consideration under English Law the general rule. The circumstances of the exceptions is that at the promisor’s request to provide goods and services previously, then promise made after the provision of goods will be binding. We can refer to the case 2.1.1 (a) Lampleigh v Braithwait (1615). There is also another cases we can refer to it which are 2.1.1 (b) Pao On v Lau Yiu Long (1979). 2.1.1 (a) Lampleigh v Braithwait (1615) Braithwait killed someone and asked Lampleigh to obtain for him a royal pardon. Lampleigh did so and in exchange, Braithwait promised to pay him  £100 for his efforts. Braithwait never paid to Lampleigh and so broke this promise and Lampleigh sued him. The court held that Lampleigh succeeded in this action because it appears to be unspoken understanding that the service would be paid for and so was not past. 2.1.1 (b) Pao On v Lau Yiu Long (1979) Pao On agreed to sell shares to Fu Chip which was controlled by Long, in consideration for certain shares. To protect the share value, Pao On and Fu Chip agreed that Pao On would retain 60% of the acquired shares until April 1974. However, in April 1973, Pao On refused to proceed with the contract unless Long agreed to indemnify him against the value of the retained shares falling below a set level. Long agreed, but only to ensure public confidence in company. The sale proceeded an Pao On sought to enforce the indemnity. This cases was held that there was consideration. This case had present all three element which are the act done was done at the promisor’s request, the parties understood that the act would be remunerated in some way, and it would be legally enforceable if the promise had been given in advance of the act. 2.2 Past Consideration under Malaysian Contract Act On the view from Malaysian Law which is the Malaysian Contract Act, past consideration is a good consideration and is valid consideration. It is something which wholly performed before the promise was made. According to s. 2 (d) of CA, 1950, the words â€Å"has done or abstained from doing† had implied that an act prior to the promise is sufficient to constitute consideration even though it is clearly past provided it is done at the desire of the promisor. This is illustrated in the case of 2.2 (a) Kepong Prospecting Ltd Ors v Schmidt (1968). 2.2 (a) Kepong Prospecting Ltd Ors v Schmidt (1968) Schmidt is a consultant engineer who has assisted another in obtaining a  prospecting permit for mining iron ore in state of Johore. He helped in the subsequent formation of Kepong Prospecting Ltd and was appointed as its Managing Director. After the company was formed, they entered into an agreement whereby the company undertook to pay 1% of the value of all ore sold from the mining land. This was being in consideration of the services rendered by the consulting engineer for and on behalf of the company prior to its formation, after incorporation and for future services. Thus, were the services rendered after the incorporation but before the agreement were sufficient consideration? The court held that is was clearly past consideration and it did constitute a valid consideration so that Schmidt was entitled to his claim on the amount. The services prior to the company’s information could not amount to consideration as they could not be rendered to a non-existent company, nor could the company bind itself to pay for services claimed to have been rendered before its incorporation. 2.2.1 An Agreement to Compensate for Something Voluntarily Done Based on s. 26 (b) of CA, 1950 there are two limbs to this exception. First, it is promise to compensate either wholly or in part the other person (promise). Another is the promisee has voluntarily done something for the promisor. Thus, the prior is that no matter the act has been performed by the promisee, the agreement must have been performed voluntarily. 2.2.2 An Agreement to Compensate Something which Promisor was Legally Compellable to Do According to s.26 (b) of CA 1950, the necessary ingredients are that the promisee has voluntarily done an act. Beside, the act is one which the promisor was legally compellable to do. It is also an agreement to compensate, wholly or in part the promise for the act. 2.2.3 A Promise to Pay a Statute-Barred Debt s. 26 (c) of CA 1950 states that a statute barred debt refers to a debt, which are not recoverable through legal action due to a lapse of time fixed by the law. The time limit is 6years from the time of cause if action arises. It was under the Limitation Act 1953. s. 26 (c) of CA 1950 creates an exception to this rule but subject to several conditions: 1. The debtor made a fresh promise to pay the statute barred debt 2. The promise is in writing and signed by the person to be charged or his authorized agent in his or her behalf 3.0 Conclusion In conclusion, we can know that there is difference between the past consideration under Common Law of England and Malaysian Contracts Act, 1950. Although there is different view of past consideration from two different laws, but there are still exceptions for both law. To decide whether the past consideration is a good or bad consideration, the most important still is to depend on the cases. Past consideration is sometime good to prevent fraud. 1.0 Issues There are two issues in this case. The first issue in this case is whether Lorraine has the right to cancel or repudiate the contract. Another issue is that whether Lorraine can claim or ask for the damages from the company. 2.0 Sources of Law In order to know whether the repudiation of contract and claiming damages from company can be succeed, we need to understand the legal principles or the legal position of Lorraine now. This is essential because the decision is held using these legal principles. 2.1 Terms of Contract There is no provision in the Contract Act 1950 dealing explicitly with the term of a contract. It does not have provision to clarify whether all the terms of contract must be express or whether they can be implied into a contract. Thus, the courts in Malaysia have adopted common law rules on these matters. The terms of a contract are its contents. The contents of a contract are known as terms or clauses. Generally, an agreement will consist of various terms and the rights and obligations of parties to a contract are determined by the terms of that contract. These terms of contract can be express or implied. 2.1.1 Implied Terms Implied terms are those terms which have not been discussed or mentioned by either party will nonetheless be included in the contract. The contract doesn’t make commercial sense without that term. However, the court will imply into the contract when they appears to be consistent with the intention of the parties. 2.1.2 Express Terms Express terms are those terms that have been specifically mentioned and agreed by both parties at the time the contract is made. For examples, concern price, quantity, quality, size, colour or delivery date. They can either agree wholly by oral or writing or may be found in a combination of them. 2.1.2.1 Conditions Terms and Warranties Terms Express terms and Implied Terms had been divided into two categories which are Conditions and Warranties. It does not draw any distinction between the two for the CA 1950, but still the Malaysian courts have drawn the distinction between them by following the common law. 2.1.2.1.1 Conditions Terms A condition is the major term which is indeed essential to the main purpose of the contract. If the promisor broke or breach of condition in any respect, it will entitle the injured party to repudiate the contract and claim damages. However slight it is, it gave the other party a right to be quit of his future obligations and to sue for damages. The injured party may also choose to go on with the contract, despite the breach, and recover damages instead. The example cases that we had are 2.1.2.1.1 (a) Poussard v Spiers (1876). 2.1.2.1.1 (a) Poussard v Spiers (1876) Madame Poussard was engaged to appear in an operetta which was to be produced at Spiers theatre and entered into a contract for three months. Unfortunately, the plaintiff fell ill and missed the opening night and three performances. The producers were forced to engage a substitute. A week later Poussard recovered and offered to take her place, but the defendants refused to take her back for the remaining performance and she sued him. The court held that Poussard was in breach of condition and Spiers were entitled to repudiate the contract. She missed the most important performance on the opening night. The obligation to perform from the first night was a condition of the contract. Thus, Spiers entitled to repudiate Poussard’s contract. 2.1.2.1.1.1 Rescission The contract is revoked and parties are returned to their original positions as if there was no contract between them. It revert the contract to the day it had not been signed as if the contract had not been made. Alternatively, the party suffering from a breach of condition may treat it as a breach of warranty and claim damages only. We can refer to the example cases 2.1.2.1.1.1 (a) Tham Cheow Toh v Associated Metal Smelters (1972). 2.1.2.1.1.1 (a) Tham Cheow Toh v Associated Metal Smelters (1972) The appellant agreed to sell a metal melting furnace to the respondents and undertook that the melting furnace shall have a temperature of higher than 2,600 °F. However, the specification was not satisfied which was not higher than the desire temperature, the respondents brought an action alleging breach of condition of the contract. The court held that the appellant’s failure to supply a furnace according to the specifications was a breach of condition of the contract. Thus, the respondent has the right to cancel the contract and also claim damages if any, or to treat it as a breach of warranty and claim damages only. 2.1.2.1.2 Warranties Terms Compare conditions, warranties is less essential than it. It does not go to the root of the contract and is collateral to the main purpose of the contract. If there is breach of warranty, the injured party not entitled to cancel the contract, but only have the right to claim for damages. 2.1.2.1.2 (a) Bettini v Gye (1876) Bettini, an opera singer was engaged by Gye to sing in a series of concerts. He also undertook to be in London at least six days to attend the rehearsal sessions. At last, due to temporary illness, he arrived three days late. He gave no advance notice and Gye therefore cancel the contract. It was held that the failure to attend the rehearsals by the plaintiff could only affect a small part of this period. It was not a very important term of the contract and is not conditions. The defendant could claim compensation for a breach of warranty but he could not terminate contract with Bettini. 3.0 The Law to the Fact Situation Refer to the cases, the oven that Lorraine bought did not reach the requisite  temperature that she wants, which means does not satisfied her specifications. Before Lorraine purchasing the oven, she had already made know expressly to Warren that the oven should reach temperature at least 2,000 ºF. When Lorraine told Warren expressly, this action of Lorraine had proven that although there is not written in contract, but there is an oral form of agreement between them. (Ref 2.1.2). Besides, for an oven, the temperature is important and is the conditions for it. When Lorraine told Warren that the temperature should at least 2,000 ºF, the condition terms is appear here. (Ref 2.1.2.1.1). The temperature of an oven can’t amount as warranty term (Ref 2.1.2.1.2) because as mentioned just now, the temperature to an oven is essential, so that is the condition, not a warranty term. 4.0 Conclusion

Mill Workers free essay sample

The women and young girls had to work on the large machines and had to go fast. There was a lot of dangers for them, young factory girls didn’t save money for themselves and gave it to their families. Japans workers rarely got to see their families. Women played a big part in the revolution because they replaced many men therefore the women were paid less. They jump started the industrial revolution. Woman in both England and Japan had to work long and hard hours in assembly lines. The long hours and low wages made Japans textile industry successful. How similar were their experiences? In England the percent of females in Norfolk, Suffolk, and Essex in 1833 was at 96%. 53% of that 96% is females under the age of 16 years old. The percent of men there is 4. The English textile industries in 1841 had about 48,000 female workers under 20, and 65,000 20 and older working in cotton manufacturing. We will write a custom essay sample on Mill Workers or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page That wasn’t all the jobs there was. There was Silk Manufacturing, Lace Manufacturing, and Woolen Manufacturing. The total of all those jobs out of all those women working were 171,000. The Gender and Ages in the Silk Factories in Japan in 1901 were high too. The percentage of female workers was at 92. The percentages of men were at 8. The ages, 14 and under were at 2,184 workers in 205 mills. The total amounts of female workers in the 205 mills were at 12,519. In 1902 there were 25 million people gainfully employed in Japan, mostly farming. 499,000 of that 25 million worked in industry, while 269,000 worked in the textile industry. The silk mill workers constituted a majority of the textile workers. The factory girls in Japan were in neat assembly lines, working nonstop. For example, In Wigan, England, the year 1840, a nine year old is working, earnings were potentially high, the working hours were horrendous. The weekdays some started work at 5:30 a. m. and finished the day at 8 p. m. Included into this working hours were a thirty-five minute break for breakfast and a fifty-five minute break for dinner. On the Saturday, they worked another whole nine hours. Sundays were their day off. These hours working were straining of these women and children especially the children. The children worked the same hours as an adult. A study by the government in Japan of 1900 showed us that a normal working day in Okaya was thirteen to fourteen hours. During their busy season, these workers were thrown from their beds at 4:05 a. m. , sent to go to work at 4:30 to 6, given 15 minutes for breakfast, and then sent back to work by 6:15. They were all allowed to 15 minutes for lunch, had a break between 10:30 and 10:45, also a 10 minute break from 3:30 to 3:40. If they weren’t doing that they were kept busy at all times and were kept until 10 p. m. In the 1800’s a Japanese worker averaged one holiday every two weeks off.

Avicenna on Induction.Doc Essay Example

Avicenna on Induction.Doc Essay Example Avicenna on Induction.Doc Essay Avicenna on Induction.Doc Essay Avicenna on Induction M. A. Ejeii University of Isfahan ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to discuss Avicennas deductive justification of induction. The paper introduces Avicennaâ„ ¢s theory of induction as a post-falsificationist theory of his time, and then proceeds to discuss a distinction he has made between induction and experience. The paper then discusses the theory and focuses on some of the problems related to Avicennaâ„ ¢s claim that our belief in inductive generalization is based on a deductive structure, and differentiates it from a view criticized by Hume. The paper ends up with a short comparison of what Avicenna, Hume and Ayer say on the kind justification in question. Keywords: Avicenna, Ayer, Hume, Induction, Experience, deductive justification, Principle of Plenitude. Introduction Inductive reasoning is discussed in almost all Avicennaâ„ ¢s logical works.[1] But his most detailed discussion of induction occurs in his encyclopedic work Al-Shifa (The Healing), in Kitab al-Burhan (Book of Demonstration). For the purpose of our current discussion it is important to note that, prior to Avicennaâ„ ¢s time, there had been some philosophical discussion of the problem of induction, and various attempts to find justification for inductive knowledge. Among these theories there had also existed a falsificationist view to which Al-Farabi (d. 950/51), Avicennaâ„ ¢s predecessor, adhered. The following excerpt, which the writer found in one of his logical works, corroborates the point: And there are some others who wanted to validate (tas-hih, making sound/correct) the major premise through induction, but when they found that induction is inadequate for that purpose, a point, which we have frequently made in what we said before, they rejected induction as a means for justifying that premise, and used it instead to falsify it.[2] Now, one can safely assume that Avicenna had been quite familiar with the views of his well known predecessor and the kind of critical approach to the problem of induction that al-Farabi is talking about, As a result, Avcennaâ„ ¢s own treatment of the problem can be seen as comparable to that of the post-falsificationist theorists of our own time. Thus his suggestions can be found relevant to current discussions of the problem and contribute to discussions. Unfortunately there is no further reference to, and information on this topic in al-Farabiâ„ ¢s extant works, but assuming Avicennas familiarity with those discussions and works, his treatment of the problem can be seen comparable to the post-falsificationist theorists of our time, that in their treatment of induction have reverted to concepts of causality and essences. [3] 1. Experience vs. Induction Avicennaâ„ ¢s deductive justification of induction Inductive reasoning is discussed in almost all Avicennas logical works. But his most detailed discussion of induction occurs in his encyclopedic work Al-Shtfa (The Healing), in Kitab al-Burhan (Book of Demonstration). The cornerstone of Avicennas theory of inductive reasoning is a distinction he makes between experience and incomplete induction. According to him experience is a rationally justified procedure, while (incomplete) induction is not. In Al-Najat (Deliverance) he defines induction as a judgment about a universal, inasmuch as it is realized in its particularsâ„ ¢.[4] The definition is intended to cover both complete and incomplete induction in their Aristotelian sense. Hence Avicenna immediately proceeds to divide induction thus defined into two kinds, complete and incomplete: either in all particulars, which will be a complete induction, or in some of them, and this will be an incomplete inductionâ„ ¢. The undivided sense is in agreement with Aristotleâ„ ¢s definition of induction as stated in Topics, i.e. a passage from individuals to universalsâ„ ¢. It also accords with induction as discussed in Prior Analytics, i.e., a passage from all the species of a genus to a generalization about the genus itself.â„ ¢ The inadequacy of incomplete induction is emphasized in almost all of Avicennaâ„ ¢s logical works. Here is a quotation from his Daneshnameh (Book of Knowledge): And when those who indulge in inductive reasoning observe that many or most cases are of a certain attribute, they conclude that all are so. But the conclusion does not necessarily hold true, since it may be that the unobserved instances are contrary to the observed ones, and while a hundred thousand instances agree, yet there may be another that doesnâ„ ¢t. This is exemplified by the case of crocodile, which moves its upper jaw [when chewing], and not its lower one.[5] Having rejected (incomplete) induction as a means of justifying empirical generalizations, Avicenna, instead describes a partially similar procedure which he calls experienceâ„ ¢. While by definition not a species of deduction, experience, nevertheless, exhibits a deductive structure. In short, the process of attaining certainty in empirical generalizations, according to Avicenna, starts with the observation of particulars, and then reaches its conclusion through a deductive mode of thought, a deduction that elsewhere calls concealed (or imperceived) deduction.[6] It is due to the introduction of this deductive mode that experience differs from induction and the conclusion of an inductive reasoning is in fact justified. But what exactly is this concealed or imperceived inference Avicennas characterization suggests a natural explanation. However, in order to explain the details it will be convenient to rely as much as possible on Avicennas texts. This, of course, calls for lengthy quotations, but due to the importance of the point in question the reader, hopefully, will find it rewarding. In the following quotation Avicenna first illustrates the difference between induction and experience by an example, and then discusses some objections to, and possible misunderstandings of, his method he experience and the concealed inference involved. So let us start with his argument for the method of experience: Experience, however, is different from induction. And we shall soon explain what the difference consists in. Experience is like drawing the conclusion: scammony is purgative of bile. Surely when that happens frequently enough, it cannot any longer be considered as a matter of coincidence. So we make the judgment that it is in the nature (Shaâ„ ¢n) of scammony to be purgative of bile, and we are assured of that. [7] Further down, on the same page, but in another connection, Avicenna states the same argument in slightly different words: When it is verified repeatedly that the purging of bile follows the administration of scammony, we will conclude that this cannot be regarded as a matter of coincidence. Since what is coincidentally true cannot occur always or frequently. Thus we conclude that it is caused by scammony. The above argument uses as its major premise the principle What is true as a matter of coincidence cannot occur always or frequentlyâ„ ¢. This premise together with the frequently observed fact that administration of scammony is followed by the purging of bile, yields the conclusion: scammony is purgative of bile. The argument is thus, a hypothetical syllogism and has the form of: (1) p ( ~ q, ~ ~ q, /( ~ p The argument (1) is a deductive one, but it is not to be confused with another argument, also called deductive, discussed often in the literature, and propounded first by Hume in order to criticize it. We shall discuss that argument in part 3 below. The argument (1) also called concealed or imperceived deduction, lies at the ground of our belief in empirical generalizations. Now for example, when under the familiar same circumstances a sufficient number of cases of administration of scammony were followed by purging of bile, due to the concealed argument (1) with the major premise What is true as a matter of coincidence cannot occur always or frequentlyâ„ ¢ results in the conclusion Scammony is purgative of bileâ„ ¢. The first premise says if things did occur as a matter of coincidence then it would not be that they occur always or frequentlyâ„ ¢. Now, negating the consequent (canceling double negation) we shall have: therefore the course of events in question is not a matte r of coincidenceâ„ ¢, i.e., Scammony is purgative of bile. Thus, when a sufficient number of observations made of the administration of scion being followed by purging of bile, or that water boils when heated to a certain temperature, then under the conditions described below in part 2, on the ground of general principle of causation and in the form of Modus Tollens one concludes the generalization that `Scammony is purgative of bile`, or ` water boils when heated to a certain temperature`. Avicennaâ„ ¢s example is a typical causal law, i.e., a law that mentions a cause and an effect. It, however, can be easily generalized to the so called functional relationship, like the one which exits in the gas law in its classic form, and which establishes a relation between the volume, temperature, and (external and internal) pressure of a gas. The general form of the concealed argument, of course, remains the same as in (1). It seems to me, though I will not argue it here, that the principle that whatever is true as a matter of coincidence cannot occur always or frequentlyâ„ ¢ is related somehow to the Principle of Plenitude according to which everything that is possible will also some time come true. Avicenna seems to be committed to this principle in Al-Shifa. In that book he always equates possibility with being sometimes true and necessity with being always true.[8] However there is another suggestion for the origin of the principle. Professor Weinberg has suggested that the principle is directly derived from Aristotle. Professor Weinberg does not mention any reference to Aristotleâ„ ¢s works, but his suggestion is supported by Aristotleâ„ ¢s text in his discussion of the four causes, in Physics, II, where he talks about chance and spontaneity. I shall return to this issue in the appendix. 2. Explanation and Further Elucidation We shall now turn to a question that is essential to Avicennaâ„ ¢s theory of induction, and of which he is concerned to clear up some possible confusion. Here again I shall quote first a passage in which he summarizes his method from the end of his discussion in al-Shifa, and then explain various points he makes by adding further details. In the quotation that follows the numbers have been inserted to demarcate the different elements of his theory. He writes: What we are saying is this: [1] Often, as a result of experience, we find ourselves in a state of certainty, and we want to explicate the circumstances under which the certainty is attained. [2] This happens when we are assured that nothing accidental is taken into account, and [3] this in turn will be the case when the properties of the object are known to us, and [4] we find out that when the object exists some other thing always or often follows, and that when the object does not exist, that other thing does not follow either.[9] [1] makes it explicit that Avicenna is not skeptic about the possibility of knowledge. Thus his aim is the central goal of doing philosophy of science, i.e., to explain and validate scientific knowledge. In his words the question is, under what circumstances the state of certainty in scientific knowledge is attained [2] and [3] are essential to his view and state the circumstances under which the generalizations are arrived at and lead to certainty. The term accidental, as it occurs in [2], is used in its widest sense, meaning, not causing the effect. As an example of this, he mentions a generalization about scammony being purgative of bile, when the plant is grown in certain countries, but not in others. According to him, the generalization fails because something accidental to the situation is mistaken for what is essential. He writes: Thus nor do we deny that scammony may acquire, or lack, some specific nature or characteristic in some regions such that it may not be purgative of bile. Rather the experiential judgment must be as follows: the scammony of the kind known to us at present, and through our senses, is, by its nature, or because of a certain property in it, purgative of bile, unless an impediment intervenes. [10] In other words the generalization is not about scommony absolutely or under any condition, it is rather about the kind presently known to us, and through our senses. The argument is that if scammoy under such and such condition were not purgative of bile, this would not have happened often or regularly. The conditions include for example the property of being scammony grown in some specific region, and not just being scammony. He offers a similar explanation when he discusses another counterexample adduced by a critic. The counterexample has resulted from an imagined observation made in Sudan, where it is supposed that no other men but the colored are in sight and they are the only people that appear to the senses. Upon repeated observations, the critic continues, one should conclude the false generalization that All men are coloredâ„ ¢. Discussing this counterexample, Avicenna explains the observation here is not being carried out just among human beings, as is implied by the con clusion, but among human beings under such and such conditions, or from such and such parents.. He writes: In short, if by birth is taken [to mean] as being born of colored people, or born in such and such a country the experiential judgment will hold true. But if the conclusion is taken generally, i.e. as being born of people, then the conclusion will not hold with regard to the particulars referred to. For the experience has been carried out among colored people and not just among people, and these two are not the same things.[11] Thus [2] constitutes Avicennaâ„ ¢s diagnosis for all cases in which experience leads to error, These are cases in which something accidental is taken into account, namely what is not really a cause is taken as a necessary or a sufficient condition for the phenomenon in question. However, he mentions that if the characteristic is coextensive with the one under investigation, the conclusion will hold in connection with it also. It is for this reason and other disturbing conditions that Avicenna is prepared to accept that experience can sometimes lead to error: We never maintain that experience is immune from error, and that it always leads to certainty. How can that be maintained, while even syllogistic inferences are not exempt from error[12] In order to arrive at elements that are essential to a causal connection, (3) is introduced. According to (3), to achieve a correct generalization the properties of the object must be known to us. This is required in order to determine the properties from whose existence the effect follows, and also to eliminate the possibility of there being some other factors that are essential but not taken into account. The certainty will obtain to the extent that we are assured the initial conditions obtain and are the same as those that existed in our observations. This of course will not affect the deductive structure of inductive reasoning described earlier. [4] states the concealed deduction. The central question about the major premise is, is that proposition analytic or synthetic To complete our discussion of the state of Avicennaâ„ ¢s deductive justification of inductive generalizations, two further points must be discussed. The first concerns the indispensability of deduction in inductive generalizations, and the second pertains to the hypothetical nature of generalizations thus arrived at. Avicenna evidently does not here mean that inductive generalization is purely a deductive process, but only that without the deduction generalization will not be formed. He writes: It is not by reason of the frequency of the observed instances alone that the universal judgment in question is formed, but rather as a result of frequently observed effect, together with the deduction we have just mentioned.[13] The above point is important, since some people think that the deduction in question is not needed.[14] Avicenna flatly rejects the idea that induction is purely enumerative or self-supporting. The above point is the basis of his whole theory of experience. Another point is the kind of relevance the concealed deduction bears to experiential generalization. According to Avicenna if the deduction were not to be formed, the certainty invested through observation would not be imparted to the conclusion. A next point concerns the hypothetical nature of inductive generalization obtained; the conclusion itself is hypothetical and not categorical. As a limitative aspect of his experiential method, Avicenna is much concerned to point out that the generalities thus arrived at are not absolute, but conditional, conditional upon the existence of the circumstances in which observations have been carried out. It follows, that the subsequent application of the laws in question will hold true only in cases where the circumstances under which the generalization is made obtain. Such laws, then, will not take the simple form, If x is an instance of scammony, then, given that it is prescribed, it will be purgative of bile, but the much more restrictive form: If x is an instance of the scammony of the kind k observed in this region which is here and now present to our senses, then, given k, it will be purgative of bile, unless an impediment intervenes. This in part is to ensure that the condition (2) holds. In this connection Avicenna writes: The judgment will hold universally only under those conditions in which the experience is being made, and the frequently observed property of the object will pertain to the nature of the object permanently only in the region in which the observation has been carried out. And that will be the case unless an impediment intervenes. Thus the universal judgment formed through experience will hold true under these conditions, and not absolutely.[15] But isnâ„ ¢t the condition only in the region ¦Ã¢â€ž ¢ too restrictive In other words, does not the condition make the conclusion unduly restricted in scope, and thus quite unsuitable to be used as a premise in demonstrative sciences The answer is that the conclusion will not be restricted in scope in the sense in which the statement all the hair on my head is blackâ„ ¢ is. Rather it is restricted in the sense that the statement all hair having the same condition the hair on my head has, is blackâ„ ¢ is restricted. In fact, he wants to see generalizations thus obtained as supported by corresponding true counterfactuals. He writes: However if the subject matter is of a specific nature, then the specific quality may be what has been effective in the majority of instances available to us in our observations. This will no doubt prevent the conclusion from being unrestrictedly general, and requires it to be more specific with regard to the nature of the things observed. Failure to see this point can make the result of experience erroneous with respect to generality. Although in cases like that we are assured that an object, which is so and so will be such and such, we are never assured that, if any thing is so and so then it will be such and such.[16] 3. A Note on a Criticism of Deductive Justification of Induction. An objection has been sometimes raised against a version of deductive justification that differs fundamentally from the one discussed by Avicenna. The version in question is first discussed by Hume in order to criticize it. It uses the principle that Nature is uniform as its major premise. Ayer raises an objection to Hume suggestion and argues that if the deduction thus formed is accepted it can prove too much, and it would have unexpected consequences. We shall briefly discuss Ayerâ„ ¢s objection in order to show that Avicennaâ„ ¢s deductive justification is not open to this kind of criticism. A. J. Ayer in his Probability and Evidence, discussing various stages of Humeâ„ ¢s skeptical argument, at a certain stage finds himself obliged to part company with himâ„ ¢. This is where Hume, discussing the problem we are dealing with, holds that to make an inductive conclusion valid we need as an extra premises the principle that instances of which we have had no experience must resemble those of which we have had experience and that the course of nature continues always uniformly the sameâ„ ¢. Ayer adds: The obvious objection is that a principle so general as the one that Hume advocates cannot possibly do the work that is here required of it. We cannot validate the inference form all observed As are Bs to All As are Bs by adding as a major premises Nature is uniform`. The syllogism `Nature is uniform`, `All hitherto observed swans have been white`, therefore `All swans are white` is not to be rejected as John Stuart Mill maintained, just because the minor premise turned out to be false and so landed us with a false conclusion. It was invalid all along.[17] Ayerâ„ ¢s contention here is that the syllogism `Nature is uniform`, `All hitherto observed swans have been white`, therefore `All swans are white` is not invalid either because its major premise is false as Hume thinks, or because its minor premise is false as Mill says, but because the syllogism is formally invalid. Given that the universe is uniform and that All hitherto observed swans have been whiteâ„ ¢ it would not logically follow that `All swans are white`. Thus the argument is to be rejected not because some of its premises are invalid, but because the inference has not a valid form. Ayer continues: But of course such discoveries are not taken as refuting the uniformity of nature. They are taken only as proving that the uniformities that nature exhibits are in some respects different from what we had supposed them to be. Not `All swans are white` but `All swans are nonchromatic`, or, All swans are white under such and such conditionsâ„ ¢, or black, under such and such other conditions.[18] These few lines are in complete agreement with what Avicenna has to say in the presence of a falsifying situation. The discovery of non-colored human beings was explained by saying that being born of human parents is not a sufficient condition for a newly born human being to be colored. It is interesting to note that the language and the example used here by Ayer are pretty much the same as the ones used by Avicenna : Ayer uses the example here to refute the deductive justification of induction, but Avicenna uses his example to remove a possible misunderstanding concerning his proposed method. According to Avicenna the conclusion is false not because its major is false, but because the conditions under which the observations are made are not taken into account in the conclusion. Here Ayer seems to interpret uniformity of natureâ„ ¢ in its weak sense, while as it is obvious from the context of Millâ„ ¢s argument, he actually uses the phrase in a stronger sense, in which it means uniformity under the specific circumstances where the experience is madeâ„ ¢. Leaving this point aside, to be sure, Ayer is right in holding the deductive generalization cannot be validated by adding as its major premises Nature is uniform`, since this would not be a valid argument form. In contrast, the deduction described by Avicenna is of Modus Tollens form, and valid. Its major premise is based on a general principle of causation to the effect that every event has a sufficient cause. The generalizations thus obtained are of course, According to Avicenna, not absolute and unconditional, but restricted and hypothetical. To return to the example Ayer discusses, the correct generalization would not be: All swans are whiteâ„ ¢, but All swans begotten from white parent swans are whiteâ„ ¢, etc.. According to Avicenna, when this condition is not satisfied, the experience can only yield probable judgmentâ„ ¢.[19] A similar point can be made in connection with Humeâ„ ¢s remark when he writes, The bread which I formerly ate nourished me; that is, a body of such sensible qualities was, at that time, endued with such secret powers. But does it follow that other bread must also nourish me at another time, and that like sensible qualities must always be attended with like secret powers The consequence seems nowise necessary. Avicenna would agree that the consequence is not necessary. As in the case of his own examples, the universal judgment, he would say, will hold true only under certain conditions, and not absolutely. In the case of Humeâ„ ¢s specific example Avicenna would say, it is not just a body of such sensible qualities absolutely and without further qualification that would be taken as attended by the power of nourishment, but along with it there are some other conditions that are determined and operative. These conditions may be partially or even wholly unknown to us and neglected, and this explains why experience sometimes errs. As we noted in part 2, Avicenna said that the conclusion (about scammony) will follow if it is restricted to the scammony grown in certain countries, and is of the kind known to us at present. According to him, the generalization fails because something accidental is mistaken for what is essential. This was the same point made by Ayer about what has gone wrong with the generalization All swans are white. Appendix At the end of chap. 4 of his Physics, II, Aristotle proposes to discuss the question what chance and spontaneity areâ„ ¢, and asks whether or not they can be reckoned among the division of causes.[20] The following chap. starts by: First then we observe that some things always come to pass in the same way, and others for the most part. It is clearly of neither of these that chance is said to be the cause, nor can the effect of chance be identified with any of the things that come to pass by necessity and always, or for the most part. This and similar passages in these chapters must be what people have taken as expressing the principle, What is true as a matter of coincidence cannot occur always or frequentlyâ„ ¢. But a careful examination of these passages will leave no doubt that what Aristotle has intended here is not a principle from which one can infer individual inductive laws. his thesis about language has been turned into a thesis about the world. He continues, however, not only have there been some philosophers who have mentioned chance among the causes, but there is, he reports, a further circumstance that is surprising: people often speak of events that occur by chance. He writes: Many things both come to be and are by chance and spontaneity, and although they know that each of them can be ascribed to some cause ¦nevertheless they speak of some of these things as happening by chance and others not.[21] Elsewhere, but in the same connection, Aristotle mentions as a case of chance the example of a man who, coming by chanceâ„ ¢ into the market and finding there a man whom one wanted, but did not expect to meetâ„ ¢.[22] In this circumstance the meeting of the man is described as a chance event. Now the surprising circumstance, according to Aristotle, is that while some people believe that the meeting of the man is not due to chance, yet people often speak of that event as happening by chance. Aristotle thus sets out to analyze the circumstances under which an event is said to be happening by chanceâ„ ¢. The first characteristic he identifies as required for an event to be described as happening by chanceâ„ ¢ is that it should not come to pass by necessity, always or for the most part. Thus he is referring here to a necessary condition under which the expression by chanceâ„ ¢ or its equivalents can apply. If the condition does not obtain, the expression is no longer applicable. If the man who went to the market had met the other man there always or frequently, that particular instance of meeting him would not have been characterized as a matter of coincidenceâ„ ¢, or as occurring by chanceâ„ ¢. Stating these necessary conditions for the application of the term the effect of chanceâ„ ¢ seems to be all that Aristotle has in mind when he says, nor can the effect of chanceâ„ ¢ be identified with any of the things that come to pass by necessity and always, or for the most partâ„ ¢. From this I conclude that Aristotleâ„ ¢s statement is not to be taken to imply that if the circumstance is not of the type to which the expression the effect of chanceâ„ ¢ is applicable, then there is a necessary or causal connection involved in that circumstance. On the contrary, it seems fairly clear that the statement in question describes one of the conditions Aristotle has found necessary for describing an event as happening by chanceâ„ ¢. If this is correct then the principle cannot be used as a ground for justification of inductive generalization. There is yet another condition in this theory to be satisfied, if an event is to be described as happening by chanceâ„ ¢. It must belong to the class of events, [I]n connexion with which the phrase for the sake of something is applicable. (Events that are for the sake of something include whatever may be done as a result of thought or of nature).[23] Thus, according to Aristotle, where both conditions apply the event is said to be happening by chanceâ„ ¢. This means that if the second condition were not satisfied the phrase would not be applicable. That is, it may be that an event is infrequent and rare, and yet not referred to as coming about by chance. From what we have said it is, however, clear that the statement What is true as a matter of coincidence cannot occur always or frequentlyâ„ ¢ as it is used by Aristotle is different from that statement as it used by Avicenna. Avicenna wants to employ the statement as a principle underlying our inductive reasoning, and as a ground for establishing the existence of a necessary connection among events that occur always or frequently in a determinate manner. And this is not, as we have observed, the way in which Aristotle uses the principle. When he said due to chanceâ„ ¢ could not be said of the events that occur frequently, what he meant was that when any course of events occurs frequently it can no longer be characterized accidentally. Thus, the principle in question concerns not the presence of a necessary connection, but rather the use of the expression by chanceâ„ ¢ or accidentally. To use that statement for establishing the existence of a causal connection seems to invol ve a misinterpretation of an Aristotelian thesis that is about language as a thesis about the world. Acknowledgement It is a pleasure to record my thanks to Professor Paul Thom and Professor Frank Jackson of ANU who, commented on an early draft of this paper, and to the University of Isfahan that supported the research. References Al-Farabi, (1985/86). Al-Mantiq inda l-Farabi, edited by R. Al-Ajam, 3 vols. Beirut. Aristotle, (1928) Posterior Analytics, translated by G. R. G. Mure, under the editorship of W. D. Ross, Oxford University Press. Aristotle, (1928) Prior Analytics, translated by A.J. Jenkinson, under the editorship of W.D. Ross, Oxford University Press. Aristotle, (1928) Topics, translated by W. A. Pickard-Cambridge, under the editorship of W. D. Ross, Oxford University Press Aristotle, (1930) Physics, translated by R. P. Hardie and R. K. Gaye, under the editorship of W. D. Ross, Oxford University Press. Avicenna, (1956) Al-Shifa: AI-Mantiq. AI-Burhan(Demonstration), Cairo, edited by A. E. Afifi, Cairo. Avicenna, (1964) Al-Shifa, AI-Tabiâ„ ¢yyat (Physics), edited by Sa`id Zayed, Cairo. Avicenna, (1971) Al-lsharat wal-Tanbihat, with Tusiâ„ ¢s Commentary in Margin, edited by S. Dunya, 4 vols., Cairo. Avicenna, (1971) Avicennaâ„ ¢s Treatise on Logic, translated by F. Zabeeh, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. Avicenna, (1984) Remarks and Admonitions: Part One: Logic, translated by S. C. Inati, Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, Toronto, Canada. Avicenna, (1985) Al-Najat, edited by M. T. Daneshpazhooh, Tehran University Press, Tehran. Ayer, A. J. (1972) Probability and Evidence, Macmillan. Cohen, L.J. and Hesse, M. (eds.) (1980) Applications of Inductive Logic, Oxford, Gohlman, W. E. (1974) The Life of Ibn Sina, Albany: SUNY Press Claredon Press. Hume, D. (1955) A Treatise of Human Nature, ed. Selby Bigge, L. A. Oxford. Weinberg, J. R. (1965) Abstraction, Relation, and Induction, University of Wisconsin Press, Wisconsine [1] Avicenna ( Ibn Sina ) lived from 980-1037 AD. For further information on his life, see Gohlman, W. E. (1974). For a detailed discussion of Avicennaâ„ ¢s influence upon Mediaeval philosophers, see Weinberg, J. R. 1965, chap. iii. [2] AL-ajam, R. 1`985/86, Vol. 3 , p. 100. [3] See Cohen, L.J. Hesse, M. 1980, p. viii. [4] See also, Avicenna, 1985, p. 5,: Avicenna, 1984, p. 129,: Avicenna, 1964, p. 557. [5] The translation is made by the author from the Persian original. Also cf F. Zabeeh, 1971, p. 25. Similar remarks can be found in Avicenna, 1984, p. 129. [6] In al-Shifa, he refers to this deduction simply as deduction but in a later work, al-Isharat, he also adds the adjective concealed (or imperceived), perhaps to distinguish it from enthymeme. [7] Avicenna, 1956, p. 95, ff. All my translations into Englishare are made from this edition. [8] It must, however, be said that his last work, Isharat does not support the principle and allows for unrealized possibilities. [9] Avicenna, 1956, p. 97. [10] Avicenna, 1956, p. 97. [11] Avicenna, 1956, p. 96. [12] Avicenna, 1956, p. 97. [13] Avicenna, 1956, p. 96. [14] For a servey of Inductive support for induction see Induction by Max Black, in Encyclopedia of Philosophy , ed. Paul Edwaqrds, 1986. [15] Avicenna, 1956, p. 96. [16] Avicenna, 1956, p. 97. [17] Ayer, 1972, pp. 20-1. [18] Ibid., p. 21. [19] Avicenna, 1956, p. 96. [20] Physics, II, 4, 196b 8-9. [21] Physics, II, 4, 196a 12-14. [22] Physics, II, 4, 196a 2-4. [23] Physics, II, 5, 196b 21-23.

Comprehension Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Comprehension Critique - Essay Example In their findings, they noted that all students in the first two cohorts who had graduated were absorbed in the teaching jobs. Furthermore, since the deployments of the two batches, the number of nurses had increased, owing to the fact that now the faculty could afford to enroll more students as a result of availability of teachers. Thus, they concluded that the shortage in the number of nurse could be addressed by increasing the number of faculties since there was going to be a steady supply of lecturers. A lesson to the authorities in charge was to ensure there was to be an increase in the faculties of nursing if the shortage of nurses was to be solved. Their research was reasonably reliable but is not the lasting solution. This is because the funded students in the accelerated doctorate program may decide to down their tools after three years of service. If this will be so, then what will be the fate of the students already admitted into the nursing faculties? I bet they will lack tutors to foresee their academic needs. Furthermore, what will happen if the fund were pulled out? I guess that the doctorate students will pull out. Thus, this solution only applies if the said factors will not happen. Gerolamo, Angela, Roemer & Grace (2011), decided to establish if the key issues behind the shortages of nurse was connected to work load within the faculty. Using qualitative secondary literature review, they worked out on three main objectives namely: to establish the meaning of shortage in the faculty, evidence that shortage is affecting the work process, and analyze policies affecting the process of nurse activities. In their study, they compared the literature concerning work load and nursing and other faculties. In their findings, they noted that all literature concerning nursing shortages pointed to work load as the main cause. Furthermore, they established that

Personal Construct of Leading Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Personal Construct of Leading - Essay Example This includes: the wisdom to develop an organizational vision, good communication skills, knowing one’s skills and employing it, ability to empower and motivate his/her subordinates, able to establish trust by being reliable and constantly competitive, creativeness and resourcefulness. The challenge of having outstanding leadership skills in managers continuously increases as a result of the tight competition in domestic and international markets. A good managerial leadership is important since it could lead to the success and profitability of the company. In most cases, effective leadership skills could enhance the business operations. In line with having an efficient operational system, a company could reduce its unnecessary operational costs due to mismanagement and other operational errors due to miscommunication and lack of a structured operational system. The savings that could be derived from establishing good leadership skills could result to the increases in the revenue generation of a company. Leadership in management also has a role in retaining the best talents within the business organization. Failure to have a good leadership within the business organization could result to a lot of dissatisfied employees. Losing these talents could be very costly because of the costs of training and developing new employees to adapt with the mission and vision of the company. Over the years, a lot of philosophers have come to develop a lot of leadership theories in order to enable these organizations to have the knowledge of the different types of leadership strategy. Some of these organizations would even go through a trial-and-error so as to determine which among the existing leadership theories is the best and effective strategy. Trail-and-errors in determining the most effective leadership strategy should be avoided. Businesses organizations today are already facing a lot of internal and

How does addiction affect high school students (15-18 years old) Essay

How does addiction affect high school students (15-18 years old) grades or school performance - Essay Example tained by them are also influenced by the factors like setting proper priorities, maintaining pleasing attitudes and demonstrating acceptable behavioral practices. And., it is reported that the proportion of students that falls in the above category is only 40 % of the school population (Nelson et al, 2001). It is equally surprising that atleast a quarter of the high school leaving children felt unhappy and supportless and another 15 percent have the history of either attempting or committing suicide (Nelson et al, 2001). A closer introspection clearly reveals that the contributory factors for such disturbing situations are tobacco addiction, alcohol abuse, wide variation in the mental state like depression and bipolar disorder, unbearable loss of loved one, humiliation and easy access to very lethal systems (Nelson et al, 2001). Among these, addiction to tobacco is found to be the easiest trap to which students easily fell due to the easiness in availability of the products and rela tively lower social stigma attached to this habit when compared to others in the list. Thus this research study is undertaken with the objective to investigate how the academic performance in schools are affected as a result of addiction, more specifically to tobacco smoking. A research study carried out among a set of school children have given wide ranging reasons for getting addicted to the tobacco products, mostly for smoking (Dongre et al, 2008). It says that nearly 50 percent of the students succumb to smoking in school due to the peer pressure. The next contributing factor is for curiosity to explore the â€Å"pleasures† in the process. A small fraction of students, about 8 percent, resort to tobacco claiming it to have a curative value (Dongre et al, 2008). Another research conducted to understand the psychosocial predictors in the onset of the tobacco smoking shows a strong relationship with four different factors. These are categorized as social and interpersonal

The Anonymous Christian As Described By Karl Rahner Essay

The Anonymous Christian As Described By Karl Rahner Essay I would like to first start by giving a short biography of Karl Rahner as described by the Karl Rahner Society. He was born in Freiburg, Germany, on March 5, 1904 and died in Innsbruck, Austria, on March 30, 1984. He entered the Jesuit order in 1922 and he was one of the most influential theologians in the Vatican II era. His essays covered a broad range of topics; most of these issues were what concerned the Catholics from the 1940s to the 1980s. His essays provided many resources for both academic and pastoral theology. He was quite popular in his native German-speaking countries through his teaching, lectures, editorial labors and membership in learned societies. He was published in international publications like Concilium. He had a large collection of works 1651 publications (4744 including reprints and translations); He also enjoyed a positive reception of his contributions by many Protestant thinkers. Rahners influence became more evident after his service as an official papal theological expert from1960 to 1965 before and during the Second Vatican Council. To understand how Rahner arrives at his concept of the anonymous Christian, it is important to understand the basis of ideas of Rahner. He was greatly influenced by Immanuel Kant, Heidegger, and the Belgian Jesuit Joseph Marà ©chal. The basis of Rahners thoughts comes from a vision of the world being a profound area of Gods self-communication. Rahners first two books were Spirit in the World and Hearer of the Word. Rahners position, as written in his essays, was deeply rooted in the Ignation way of thinking, believing that God is in all things, sacramental piety, and devotion to Jesus and the Catholic doctrine. Rahner addresses the anonymous Christian in an interview provided to Rev. Norman Wong Cheong Sau in an article titled Karl Rahners Concepts of the Anonymous Christian an Inclusivist View of Religions, he provided his personal definition of anonymous Christian to Rev. Sau interviewer: We prefer the terminology according to which that a man is called an anonymous Christian who on the one hand has de facto accepted of his freedom this gracious self-offering on Gods part through faith, hope, and love, while on the other he is absolutely not yet a Christian at the social level (through baptism and membership of the Church) or in the sense of having consciously objectified his Christianity to himself in his own mind (by explicit Christian faith resulting from having hearkened to the explicit message). We might therefore, put it as follows: the anonymous Christian in our sense of the term is the pagan after the beginning of the Christian mission, who lives in the state of Christs grace through faith, hope, and love, yet who has no explicit knowledge of the fact that his life is orientated in grace-given salvation to Jesus Christ. A non-anonymous Christian for lack of a better term or a declared Christian is someone who has accepted Christ and lives with the grace of Gods grace, love, hope and understanding. This person declares himself a Christian, was baptized and lives by Gods laws. Rahner bases his belief in the anonymous Christian as someone who lives a Christian lifestyle but has not yet declared himself a true Christian. By declaring oneself a true Christian, according to Rahner, you must be baptized, attend mass and pray in the traditional standardized way. This of course, includes living by Gods laws and living in a Christ like manner. This person declares themselves a Christian in every way, the way they talk, the way they pray and their absolution from original sin. A good example of the declared Christian would be Mother Teresa. Mother Teresa acknowledged that she lived in the Grace of God and followed his words and teachings. She accepted Jesus as her way to God. In believing that Jeus Christ is the only way to God would be to think in an exclusivist manner. According to Rahner there is more than one way to reach God. This would be the Inclusivist view. It accepts that Jesus is but only one way to God, but acknowledges that there are others. Rahner talks of the supernatural salvation for people who live in Gods grace without the acknowledged title of Christian. The Inclusivist view is what has led to Karl Rahners description of the anonymous Christian. According to Rahner it is not necessary to be a declared Christian to work your way to God. In Pope John Paul IIs visit to Mahatma Gandhis tomb The Pope put flower petals on the grave and said that followers of other religions can be saved by Christ without being converted. This gave some popularity to Rahners claim that any man who practices a religion or acts according to natural law and is blessed by Gods grace is an anonymous Christian, even if he does not wish to admit it. Gandhi was a perfect example of this anonymous Christian, although he did not call himself a Christian by name he lived in a Christ like manner, followed his religion faithfully and exercised Christian attitudes to others, thereby living in Gods grace. There is a quote in the Rahner Reader on Page 75 that best describes the awareness utilized by Gandhi in being called an anonymous Christian, The mind of even the anonymous Christian is raised to the supernatural order by the grace of Christ, philosophy is not purely secular activity. The best of modern philosophy should be considered the self-reflection of a mind to which God has revealed himself implicitly through his grace. This quote described the grace given to Gandhi through his self awareness and through his thought process that leads to his Christian like beliefs. Although, again, not being a declared Christian, Gandhi, would be considered an anonymous Christian as his beliefs and life style brought him into the grace of God. Of course, any person can become an anonymous Christian; it is based on their beliefs and their way of thinking, and their supernatural salvation. If a mans reason is that which leads him closer to grace then as per Rahner, The anonymous Christian whether they know it or not, whether they distinguish it from the light of their natural reason or not are enlightened by the light of Gods grace which God denies no man. Being a Christian is not a prerequisite to receiving Gods grace. According to Rahner, Gods grace is open to all men. Presented in Rahners Reader is a passage about exploring new lands, Christs message can still be heard. Although, the inhabitants may not understand Christ or his word it does not mean that they are not living in the grace of God. The Western World, during its wonderings into strange lands while carrying Christs message, always encounters a world in which Christs grace has long been at work even though not called by its own name. (Rahner 80) Basically what Rahner is saying here is that no matter where we travel we can find anonymous Christians. He believes that Gods grace is at work in many lands, places where the inhabitants may not even have heard of Jesus Christ or of God Himself. Rahner has a very open mind, in the exclusivist view the only way to God is through Christ. Rahner is exemplary of the inclusivist view. I agree with Rahner that to be near God does not necessarily mean that we must only accept Jesus Christ as our Lord and savior. There are many people that live a good life, are Christian like in all of their ways but they do not worship Jesus the same as Christians. Many people in many lands are blessed by Gods grace. Many of the people of Israel, although Jewish, still live a life that is graced by God. They pray, the exhibit Christian like atitudes, Jewish people can live a righteous pious life and through reasonable intelligence believe that they are righteous, and imagine God telling them that no matter how good of a life they lived they could not get into heaven or be awarded the gift of his grace. This is where Rahners anonymous Christian theory believes that although they are not considered Christians, they still can receive Gods grace and love. To sum up Karl Rahners position of the anonymous Christian, anyone can be an anonymous Christian; it only takes the act of living as a Christian and not the explicit declaration of being a Christian. Grace exists by affecting a spiritual, personal substantiality, by being the divinizing condition of the latter, and hence presupposes and incorporates into itself the whole reality of this person as the condition of its own possibility and makes it part of the factors o fits own concrete being (Rahner 75) In other words grace exists by the actions of people and the actions are a part that makes up the whole. Therefore, it is the actions of the people that decide if they are worthy of Gods grace. The world is full of anonymous Christians. Some we may recognize by name such as Gandhi and others are the anonymous faces we pass everyday on the street. But we are not able to pick them out except by their actions because even their worshipping or non worshipping habits cannot help to pick out those worthy of Gods grace.

My Life Learning Experience with R.S.V Essay

R. S. V My Life Learning Experience with R. S. V Name Course Title Teacher Date Abstract Many individuals have experienced problems with their hospitals or health care facilities. An important concept that I learned from facing this family crisis that will be examined in this paper is that, when a family member becomes seriously ill, they need quality medical care. Sometimes, when a person’s life is at stake, the further a person lives from medical facilities which can offer quality care can be a grave factor. R. S. V 1 R. S. V in Infants This paper will examine several lessons and concepts which I learned from personal life-learning experiences. Three examples that will be addressed in this paper will examine a different aspect of a certain life-learning experience. In researching and analyzing each aspect of a life-learning experience, this paper will examine the four elements of Kolb’s Model of Experimental Learning. The first aspect of the lessons I learned after enduring a family crisis which this paper will explore includes how I learned about an illness that frequently affects infants called Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Respiratory Syncytial Virus, or RSV, is a respiratory virus which has many of the same symptoms as the common cold and is usually contracted by children during winter months. After my newborn son, Carter Forrest Barnhart began displaying symptoms of a common cold, my husband and I took Carter to his local pediatrician. Unfortunately, the pediatrician improperly diagnosed the virus as a simple common cold and sent Carter, my husband and I back home. However, after we returned home, his symptoms did not improve. Instead, he began coughing profusely and did not want to eat. I became greatly concerned about our son’s health. Within a few days, Carter had lost weight and become weak. Then his breathing appeared to be abnormal, and my husband and I began to suspect that something else was wrong with Carter. R. S. V 2 By April 7th, 2002, Carter’s breathing problems got considerably worse, and my husband and I thought that he could possibly suffocate. So, in a desperate attempt to help Carter’s health, we brought our son to the nearest hospital. He was then hospital, arrangements needed to be made to send him to Charleston Area Medical Center. Carter later arrived safely at the Women and Children’s Hospital, a division of the Charleston Area Medical Center in Charleston, West Virginia. He was then placed in the hospital’s Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, where he remained for five days. Looking back, I now realize the high importance of residing in communities which have high quality health care facilities. I learned that the first doctor who diagnosed my son did not diagnose Carter properly by failing to recognize that what looked like the common cold was actually Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV). The pediatrician’s error could have cost my son his life. After Carter was taken to the emergency room at our local hospital, I learned that, when someone’s life is at stake, the distance from a medical facility which can provide quality care is sometimes a life and death matter. Thus, one of the lessons that I learned by this life-learning experience is that it is important for all individuals to have quick access to a state of the art hospital or medical facility. A medical facility must be able to provide the excellent care that a seriously ill R. S. V 3 ndividual needs. In this example, a baby needed to be treated by a special infant care unit, which our local hospitals did not have. Therefore, the baby did not have ready access to the kind of medical facility that he needed. The proper medical facility can mean the difference of life or death, thus, I now understand that the quality of the medical facilities, and the services received from those facilities provided, is one of the important issues facing people today. Learning about the importance of living near a high quality health care facility helped me become amiliar with the idea that a person should be fully educated about the health services in his or her community before something critical occurs. I regretted the fact that we were not more prepared to deal with this crisis. Thus, I have since learned that I need to research the qualifications of any professional my child will be receiving treatment from. In the future, I will research hospitals or schools before enrolling my child in them. I can also apply the concept that quality care is an important aspect of a person’s life to other situations as well. For example, I will have o make sure that my child has a qualified pediatrician and dentist to take care of his health needs in the future. I will also have to ensure that my child gets his vaccinations. Moreover, I learned that there is no substitute for being prepared for an emergency situation. I plan on researching the response time of our police and fire departments and plan to learn about the efficiency of our ambulance services. Another part of the lessons I learned while confronting this family crisis is how I learned that high quality heath care is best provided by highly qualified doctors. I lso learned that an unqualified doctor may easily misdiagnose a patient’s symptoms. The discussion below will show how I have learned to ask questions before selecting a pediatrician. My son was initially treated by a pediatrician who misdiagnosed the baby’s medical symptoms and declared that our infant was we were told to take our child home and give him some cold medicine. This was our child’s only treatment, and the medicine did not work. Carter’s symptoms did not improve after a reasonable period of time. Thus, my husband and I began to suspect that something else could be wrong. Then, when our baby turned pasty in color, started to cry inconsolably, refused to eat or drink anything, lost weight, and then hardly cried or moved in his crib, my husband and I became more concerned. We later learned that Carter had RSV and double pneumonia. Since then, I have spoken to many doctors about rural medicine. One of the doctors I spoke to that works at our local hospital explained in a recent personal interview which I conducted with him that many people do not ask enough questions of their doctors after they have been told the results of a diagnosis. He advised that potential atients should ask about all terms that describe the problem and that the doctor should fully explain the R. S. V 5 condition to the patient. More importantly, when the patient is a baby, the infant’s parents need to understand the complete diagnosis of their child’s condition The doctor also said that a great deal of rural patients do not know how to properly ask their doctors specific questions related to the diagnosis. Therefore, rural doctors need to take more time to explain things to their patients, especially in cases where doctors are not absolutely sure of the diagnosis. I was also told that some patients have no reason to be told when something is misdiagnosed as nothing more than the common cold, especially when a child’s doctor confidently tells an infant’s parents that the symptoms should improve when the baby took the cold medicine. The lesson is that parents must be very careful when choosing a pediatrician. I learned that a good pediatrician knows how to check a baby for a variety of diseases. In the case of my son, the first pediatrician failed to properly diagnose the baby because he was, at the very least, was not familiar with the symptoms of RSV. Thus, I learned that receiving treatment from a qualified pediatrician is an essential part of a child’s health care. I also realized, in other areas of my life, I need to be certain that I am qualified to perform any Job that I might later want to undertake. So it is imperative that I take my education as serious as possible so that I will later be prepared to succeed in my chosen career. R. S. V6 Another important concept that I learned through my life-learning experience is that Just like other people, doctors make errors too. Unfortunately, a doctor’s mistake can cause the loss of ones life. Any professional should avoid making unnecessary mistakes at all times. Therefore, I would like to avoid making mistakes which would be considered negligence in my chosen career. Thus, I now believe that I need as much training in the field of health care management as possible, because that is the field which I intend to begin my professional career once I have received my Bachelors Degree. I also now would like to become actively involved in professional organizations and associations in which school friends and successful will help me exchange information with other health care management professionals hich will hopefully help me keep atop of current developments in my field. The third aspect of the lessons I learned which this paper will explore is that many rural health care facilities in America do not have up to date equipment. I also learned that, for the past several years, many local family health care facilities have suffered from recent cutbacks in federal grant money. This paper will now discuss my findings about the importance of selecting a health care facility which has up to date equipment and employees that keep on top of current developments in the medical ield. R. S. V7 Not only were the doctors more knowledgeable at the Women and Children’s Hospital in Charleston, but the doctors at the hospital in Charleston also had more current equipment and also performed their duties much more quickly and efficiently than the doctors at the local hospital. I learned that, when the life of a loved one is at stake, a hospital with modern equipment and trained staff can mean the difference between life and death. I also now believe that parents should visit the local hospitals before their first child is ever born to make sure those hospitals re not understaffed, dirty, or not funded properly. While larger hospitals may charge more money for visits, the money paid for a proper diagnosis at a quality facility is far less than the money one might pay if an illness is misdiagnosed. In addition, local medical care facilities need to provide quality, up to date services to their patients. In this situation, Carter needed to be treated in a special care unit in which â€Å"patients are attached to electronic monitors which track vital functions as well as to other equipment that support breathing† (Roberts, 1993, p. 170). Unfortunately, only larger acilities usually have modern pediatric intensive care units, and large hospitals are not all cities. I have learned that a high quality health care facility should have up to date equipment. Modern equipment is essential to provide patients with the best possible R. S. V8 health care. However, a lot of rural hospitals cannot afford this. The issue of a facility which does not have modern equipment is a very important one, and the concept applies to other situations which I may have to deal with later on. For instance, I will want to make sure that, any school my child is enrolled in should have adequate acilities. I will want to ensure that the school has smoke detectors in every classroom and that the fire extinguishers are in proper working order. This paper analyzed the various lessons and concepts that I learned from some â€Å"life-learning† experiences. Each of the paper’s three parts explored a different aspect of my experiences. This paper used the four elements of Kolb’s Model of Experimental Learning to detail how I used the lessons during a family crisis. R. S. V9 References Mesa, CA: ICN Pharmaceuticals. Roberts, M. J. (1993). Your Money or Your Life: The Health Care Crisis Explained. New York: Doubleday.

Neoclassical and Romantic Writing Essay

Neoclassical and Romantic movements cover the period of 1750 to 1850. Neoclassicism showed life to be more rational than it really was. The Romantics favored an interest in nature, picturesque, violent, and the sublime. Unlike Neoclassicism, which stood for the order, reason, tradition, society, intellect, and formal diction, Romanticism allowed people to get away from the rational views of life and concentrate on an emotional and sentimental side of humanity. In this movement the emphasis was on emotion, passion, imagination, individual, and natural diction. Resulting in part from the liberation and egalitarian ideals of the French Revolution, the Romantic Movement had in common only a revolt against the rules of classicism. Neoclassicism was an artistic and intellectual movement, beginning in the mid-17th century in England, both progressive and traditional in its goal of rivaling the literary and artistic accomplishments of Augustus Caesar’s day and the classical period in general. This movement could be characterized as a â€Å"religion of the head. † Neoclassical writers imitated great poems of the past because of the belief that men had agreed on certain fixed ways of writing across the centuries. Rules for pastoral poetry, the satire and the epic were respectfully followed Romanticism was an artistic and intellectual movement that spread across Europe in the late 18th and early 19th century. This movement was a reaction in direct opposition to the Age of Reason in its understanding of human happiness and the means to achieve it. This literary revolution could be characterized as a â€Å"religion of the heart. † Romantics, in direct opposition to the previous age, believed in the guiding forces of nature. They believed that nature held all truth, and didn’t search for such in science and mathematics as the neoclassicists did. They were impassioned and fond of beauty, as well as myth.